1-1. Mandate of Heaven

Paper Son: Chinese American Citizen.

Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons.  All of this is the subject of my new series.

I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence.  From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, and deportation of Chinese persons.  All this finally led to the United States Government’s acknowledgement and apology.  Including a recognition of Chinese American contributions.

The discussion about naturalization and immigration inevitably leads to the questions of (1) who should be an American; and (2) what is an American?

Paper Son: Chinese American Citizen.

Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons.  All of this is the subject of my new series.

I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence.  From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, and deportation of Chinese persons.  All this finally led to the United States Government’s acknowledgement and apology.  Including a recognition of Chinese American contributions.

The discussion about naturalization and immigration inevitably leads to the questions of (1) who should be an American; and (2) what is an American?

Paper Son: Chinese American Citizen.

Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons.  All of this is the subject of my new series.

I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence.  From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, and deportation of Chinese persons.  All this finally led to the United States Government’s acknowledgement and apology.  Including a recognition of Chinese American contributions.

The discussion about naturalization and immigration inevitably leads to the questions of (1) who should be an American; and (2) what is an American?

Paper Son: Chinese American Citizen. 

Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons.  All of this is the subject of my new series. 

I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence.  From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, and deportation of Chinese persons.  All this finally led to the United States Government’s acknowledgement and apology.  Including a recognition of Chinese American contributions. 

The discussion about naturalization and immigration inevitably leads to the questions of (1) who should be an American; and (2) what is an American?

Paper Son: Chinese American Citizen.

Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons.  All of this is the subject of my new series.

I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence.  From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, and deportation of Chinese persons.  All this finally led to the United States Government’s acknowledgement and apology.  Including a recognition of Chinese American contributions.

The discussion about naturalization and immigration inevitably leads to the questions of (1) who should be an American; and (2) what is an American?

Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons.  All of this is the subject of my new series. 

I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence.  From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, and deportation of Chinese persons.  All this finally led to the United States Government’s acknowledgement and apology.  Including a recognition of Chinese American contributions. 

The discussion about naturalization and immigration inevitably leads to the questions of (1) who should be an American; and (2) what is an American?

Paper Son: Chinese American Citizen.

Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons.  All of this is the subject of my new series. 

I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence.  From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, and deportation of Chinese persons.  All this finally led to the United States Government’s acknowledgement and apology.  Including a recognition of Chinese American contributions. 

The discussion about naturalization and immigration inevitably leads to the questions of (1) who should be an American; and (2) what is an American?

Paper Son: Chinese American Citizen.


Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons.  All of this is the subject of my new series. 

I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence.  From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, and deportation of Chinese persons.  All this finally led to the United States Government’s acknowledgement and apology.  Including a recognition of Chinese American contributions. 

The discussion about naturalization and immigration inevitably leads to the questions of (1) who should be an American; and (2) what is an American?

After the war, earnest efforts were made to form a coalition government with the Guomindang and the communists.  When that failed the civil war between the two rekindled. 

The roughly three-year extension of the civil war saw the collapse of the Nanjing government and the Nationalists’ control of China. Eventually leading to in 1949, the inauguration of the Peoples Republic of China, by the communists, and the Nationalists’ flight to Taiwan.   

The war with Japan devastated the Nanjing Government, her military, and China.  The Nationalists had survived the war and still remained in power.  Their failures, however, particularly late in the war, and at the nation’s greatest time of need, were fateful.  

The open, unhealed wound of the issues with the Communist was one of the fateful consequences of the Nationalists’ failures.  Efforts failed to find a peaceful solution between the two, including a coalition-led government.  The war had settled one problem but created a myriad of others.  China was unsettled.