Episode 37. Of Bits and Masks and Bytes and Trees and Games

Ok, so it's an incredible time to be in the Java Ecosystem, and one of the biggest frameworks out there just dropped their three-point-oh version! That's right! So Spring Boot is not officially 3.0, and it has as a Baseline Java 17! (oohh!!). So we brought in the big guns to talk about what does it mean to Upgrade to Spring Boot 3, and what are the new cool toys we can expect from that upgrade! 

In all, an amazing interview full of great things that are available NOW (so whatcha waiting for! Upgrade!)

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 - Dan Vega's own What's new in Spring Boot 3 (https://www.danvega.dev/newsletter/whats-new-spring-boot-3/)
 - Official Spring Framework 6 Wiki (https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/wiki/What's-New-in-Spring-Framework-6.x)
 - Spring Boot 3, and Spring Framework 6, What's new? (https://www.baeldung.com/spring-boot-3-spring-6-new)
 - Spring Boot 3 goes GA (https://spring.io/blog/2022/11/24/spring-boot-3-0-goes-ga)
 - Preparing for Spring Boot 3 (https://spring.io/blog/2022/05/24/preparing-for-spring-boot-3-0)
 - 

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Whew! So we took a big break over summer (like Bob said, we were just swamped with work.. oof), but we are BACK! and like always we are ready to explore even deeper Java topics for the professional developer.

This time we set our sights in Apache Kafka, one of the (if not THE) dominant distributed messaging framework / broker. If you have been integrating webservices, you might have been running into message brokers (and applying Enterprise Integration Patterns), well if so, you most likely have run into Kafka. 

We dive into "What does Kafka Solve", into what it is (and isn't), and why you should use it (or not use it), and how it differs from traditionalling Messaging systems.

In all, this is another episode of "Cloud stuff", and, like you know, that's where everything interesting is at! So have a listen! 

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Apache Kafka
https://kafka.apache.org/

Kafka Quick Start
https://developer.confluent.io/quickstart/kafka-on-confluent-cloud/

What IS Apache Kafka
https://developer.confluent.io/what-is-apache-kafka/

Apache Kafka Quickstart (With Tim Berglund, Hi!!!)
https://kafka.apache.org/quickstart 

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Yeah! so we have been working with the cloud for a while, terms like K8s, EC2, Route53, BlobData, CLI has been swinged around... and is a little mysterious, and sometimes looks like a black box where you just click buttons, add things, type commands, until it finally something good happens. But if something bad happens, we tend not to have the slightest idea on why!

Never fear, on this episode of PubHouse we start from the very beginning on describing (And dismantling) what the "Cloud" really is... Starting on how we got there, what are the different "components" of most clouds, and how to reason about them.

This way, the next time something unpredictable happens, you will know exactly where to start troubleshooting and how to navigate this space! This is the first episode of a series (probably a series of 2) on Cloud technologies. So if you never been exposed to the cloud and you're curious, or even if you've been working on it but everything sounds mysterious, then dive in!

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Intro to AWS 
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/latest/aws-overview/introduction.html

What is Elastic Load Balancing
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/userguide/what-is-load-balancing.html

What is Amazon Route 53
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/Route53/latest/DeveloperGuide/Welcome.html

EC2 vs ECS vs Lambda
https://www.cloudzero.com/blog/ecs-vs-ec2

Intro to Azure Fundamentals
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/modules/intro-to-azure-fundamentals/

Azure Containter Registry
https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/container-registry/#features

Azure Compute
https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/virtual-machines/#overview

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Ok, so is time to talk about something secretive! Like API Passwords, Auth tokens, or keys... these are things that we want to have as a Secret within our microservice. And yeah, adding them into your source code is a big no-no

Here we cover the dos (and dont's) of secret management, what are the benefits and drawbacks of the different solutions and we explore some of our favorite open source (and Cloud tools) for keeping secrets. We answer some important questions on how to effectively store and manage these secrets (the short answer is don't try to do it yourself!), and end up with the list of best practices for it.

If you are building a non-trivial (or interesting) web service, this is a must-listen episode!

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Language Features

Using AWS Secrets Manager to manage secrets in Spring Boot
https://raymondhlee.wordpress.com/2019/10/11/using-aws-secrets-manager-to-manage-secrets-in-spring-boot-applications/

AWS Secrets Manager
https://aws.amazon.com/secrets-manager/

Spring Cloud AWS
https://cloud.spring.io/spring-cloud-aws/reference/html/

Hashicorp Vault
https://www.vaultproject.io/

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So is time to celebrate! We got a new box of toys with the new release of Java! This is also a Long-Term-Support release which means that's usually a "good one" to jump into! Switch Expressions! Helpful Nullpointers, Sealed Classes... there is a TON that's new

And we got the best Doctor in town to walk us through all of them. We're of course talking about Stuart Marks! (AKA Dr. Deprecator). We cover most of the important features from 11 to 17 (there's a ton that was left out, so keep following the links to know more!)

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Language Features

Pattern Matching for instanceof
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/16/language/pattern-matching-instanceof-operator.html

Switch Expressions
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/13/language/switch-expressions.html

Sealed Classes
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/15/language/sealed-classes-and-interfaces.html

Text Blocks
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/13/text_blocks/index.html

Debugging Features

Helpful NullPointerExceptions
https://www.baeldung.com/java-14-nullpointerexception

Performance Features

New Garbage Collectors (Shenandoah, ZGC)
https://blogs.oracle.com/javamagazine/post/understanding-the-jdks-new-superfast-garbage-collectors

Unix-Domain Socket Channels
https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/380

Deprecation & Platform evolution

Remove the Nashorn JavaScript Engine (Plug Graal!)
https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/372

Deprecate the Security Manager for Removal and Applets
https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/411

Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals
https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/403

Warnings for Value-Based Classes
https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/390

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So while Java is the "main" language of the JVM, it is by no means the "only" language. And one of the purely functional programming languages is getting a new facelift!

Scala has been going through a revamp on the syntax and the features, and if you ever run into a scala user you know how passionate they are about their language! (hint: they love it!)

So while we might be working in Java projects most of our time, it is a good time to revisit that developer toolbox and learn when and where to use it. And if anything else, having a dip into a fully functional programming language teaches any budding developer how to see things differently!

So maybe Scala is "not" the language you want to program all your new projects, but understanding its strengs, its thinking (and with Scala 3) and its purpose, it makes it for a very sharp tool to have at the ready when you really need to tackle that Data Sciency / Functional Programming problem.

In addition, we bring one of the biggest names in the Scala Community to walk us through it all @DeanWampler (https://twitter.com/deanwampler) has been working with Scala since the early days and has just published his new O'Reilly book Programming Scala (https://deanwampler.github.io/books/programmingscala.html). So what are you waiting for, add a new tool to your toolbox with Scala 3.0!

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Programming Scala (Dean Wampler)
https://deanwampler.github.io/books/programmingscala.html

New In Scala 3
https://docs.scala-lang.org/scala3/new-in-scala3.html

Scala 3 Features
https://docs.scala-lang.org/scala3/book/scala-features.html

A look at inline
https://medium.com/scala-3/scala-3-a-look-at-inline-and-programming-scala-is-now-published-9690ca43c23a

Safer Pattern Matching with Matchable
https://medium.com/scala-3/scala-3-safer-pattern-matching-with-matchable-f0396430ded6

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You'll run it everywhere there's a production system. Some kind of Metrics collector like Statsd or InfluxDB. They work like magic, reporting on the health of your application. but how does it really happen?

We dive in on how these Application Performance Management tools work and how do they really "see into" your application. We demistify all this magic, and actually describe how to add "new" metrics and how to publish it!

If you ever worked in a production application, and were wondering how do these metrics get graphed and collected, well, wonder-no-more! We go deep into Micrometer (the SLF4J of Metrics) and how it all works!

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Micrometer
https://micrometer.io/

Creating Meters
https://micrometer.io/docs/concepts#_meters

Spring Boot and Micrometer
https://spring.io/blog/2018/03/16/micrometer-spring-boot-2-s-new-application-metrics-collector

Statsd
https://github.com/statsd/statsd

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So we had a previous episode where we show a party trick with GraalVM, where we saw how to create a Native Image. It was really the "hello world" of Native image creation, so Bob decided that's not good enough!

In this epidose we dive a little deeper on how to actually run your Restful Web service (or other app) natively, going through the exercise of debugging GraalVM builds including adding Maven plugins, finding out how to quelch the different reflection errors and how to deal with resources (and those pesky JNI / so libs).

In all, this is more of actually a practical use of GraalVM, not just a "it can do it", but more, how is it done. So want ludicruos startup speed and performance? then press play and listen!

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GraalVM Native Image Options
https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/Options/

Maven GraalVM Native Image Plugin
https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/NativeImageMavenPlugin/

Apache HttpComponents
http://hc.apache.org/

https://www.graalvm.org/docs/getting-started/linux/

GraalVM Resources
https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/Resources/

Build Configuration
https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/BuildConfiguration/

GraalVM Example Code
https://github.com/bobpaulin/javapubhouse-graal-episode/
https://github.com/bobpaulin/opencv-1/tree/feature/add-native-image

GraalVM Native Image InvalidAlgorithmParameterException
https://github.com/oracle/graal/issues/768

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So it happens. Sometimes a Java program just "dies" with the dreaded Out-of-memory Exception. Sometimes, it leaves behind a "heap dump", or a copy of what the Java program had in memory when just before it throw the Out-of-memory exception. For some devs, a heap dump is stressful, because they think is a black box with only mysteries, but we are here to calm your fears!

In this episode we show how Heap dumps are your friends! If you happen to have one, then is almost assured that you can find what caused the out-of-memory, and/or you can "see" what the real values of configuration were. For troubleshooting a production incident, a heap dump becomes invaluable since "nothing" hides from it. Doesn't matter where the code came from, a heap dump will have exactly what each variable was holding and who might be responsible for a memory leak!

"Memory leak you say? I thought java didn't have memory leaks!". Well, that's the other part of this episode where we discuss while Java has way less worries than (say c++) on allocating and deallocating memory, you can still create Memory leaks by having strong referenced objects that are never removed (and if that sounded like mumbo jumbo, even a better excuse to listen to this episode)

So, we survived 2020. Take a listen to this end-of-the-year episode, and be even more ready for whatever 2021 throws at us!

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How to capture a Heap Dump
https://www.baeldung.com/java-heap-dump-capture

Eclipse Memory Analyzer
https://www.eclipse.org/mat/

VisualVM
https://visualvm.github.io/

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We're back! and now we move to the new-fangled serialization and deserialization frameworks, starting with Protobufs! Google's contribution to the serialization space, Protobuf V3 makes it easy to create a very efficient on-the-wire serialized representation of objects, and then some. With the ability to have both backwards and forward compatible changes, protobufs is a great choice for transmitting information across services.

But not to be outdone, @BobPaulin goes in and covers Thrift, which goes a step beyond than just serializing messages, but also takes care of the "Transport layer", adding the ability of doing Remote-procedure-calls! Imagine if instead of saying "I need to send a message to that service, and then the service can process it and send info back", you just said. "I want to call a method on that service with this parameters and get the results". Thrift exposes that functionality by letting you have an interface that you can just call in your client service, and it "magically" coordinates all the gnarly stuff to encode, transmit, execute, decode, and present your call. You don't even have to think (too deeply) about how it all happens. As long as you define your thrift objects, thrift methods, and Thrift transport, the framework will let you just think of methods to call! that's it!

So in all, a very fun episode where we discover what the new types of serialization frameworks are up to. If you ever had to create a message, or ever had to annotate an object as Serializable, then do take a listen to this episode!

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• Google Protobuf
• Apache Thrift
• Protobuf Java Example
• Thrift Example
• JVM Serializers performance

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