Podcast Summary
Understanding the impact of climate on seasons through phenology: Phenology reveals how climate influences the timing of natural events, impacting flora and fauna, and can be studied by anyone with technology's help.
Phenology, the study of the timing of natural events and the influence of climate on cyclical natural happenings, provides valuable insights into the changing of the seasons. Ecologist and phenologist, Dr. Libby Ellwood, shares her expertise on this topic, discussing how climate affects flora and fauna, the importance of backyard critter keggers, and the technology making phenology easier for everyone to get involved. Dr. Ellwood, born and raised on Long Island, New York, with a background in marine biology, shares her passion for the natural world and her fascination with the big questions phenology presents. This episode, filled with twists and turns, showcases Dr. Ellwood's charm, humor, and candidness, making for an engaging and educational listen.
Study of cyclical events in plant or animal life cycle: Phenology is the scientific study of seasonal changes in plant and animal life cycles, primarily influenced by earthbound climate variables like temperature and precipitation.
Phenology is the scientific study of cyclical events in a plant or animal's life cycle, including the timing of flowering, insect emergence, and migratory bird arrivals. These events are often linked to climate variables such as temperature and precipitation. While the Earth's tilt affects the amount of sunlight different hemispheres receive, phenologists primarily focus on earthbound variables. In temperate regions, spring and fall are the most active seasons due to the emergence of new life and migration patterns. However, in desert environments or regions with irregular rainfall, these events may occur at different times of the year. Despite living in Southern California, which is known for its lack of distinct seasons, the speaker found ways to appreciate the subtle changes in her new environment.
A researcher's perspective on LA's confusing seasons: Libby, a researcher, adapts to LA's unique climate, finds meaning in analyzing plant matter, mammal bones, and historical data, and encourages nature journaling.
Libby, a researcher studying seasons and climate change, finds the subtle seasonal shifts in Los Angeles confusing after coming from areas with more distinct seasons. She enjoys discussing weather and data, using it to understand historical climate patterns and the impact of climate change. Her work involves analyzing plant matter and mammal bones, as well as accessing historical data from museums and archives. Libby encourages nature journaling as a valuable resource for researchers. Despite the lack of intense seasonal shifts in LA, she continues to find meaning in her work and adapt to the unique climate.
Documenting natural phenomena through journaling or collecting specimens: Observing and documenting natural phenomena can reveal valuable information about the life cycle and changing seasons of plants and animals.
Observing and documenting the natural world, whether through journaling or collecting specimens, can provide valuable information about phenophases, or observable stages in the life cycle of plants and animals. For example, a pressed leaf can reveal information about the phenophase of a plant, such as whether it was flowering, fruiting, or dormant, as well as the collection date, location, and collector. The changing colors of leaves during fall are also a result of chemical changes in the leaf, which are influenced by the changing seasons and environmental conditions. These changes reveal the colors that were present all along but were previously obscured by the dominance of chlorophyll. Understanding these phenomena can provide valuable insights into the natural world and the changing of the seasons.
Plants and Seasons: Colors, Strategies, and Human Preferences: Plants produce pigments and chlorophyll for color and photosynthesis. Deciduous trees shed leaves for energy conservation, while evergreens keep them. Humans have seasonal preferences and conditions like SAD affect up to 10%.
Plants produce various pigments like carotenoids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which contribute to their vibrant colors, while chlorophyll is crucial for photosynthesis. Deciduous and evergreen trees have different strategies for survival, with deciduous trees shedding their leaves during colder months to conserve energy, while evergreens keep theirs year-round. Humans have their preferences for seasons, with some experiencing fall fever and others enjoying the romantic optimism of spring. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a condition affecting up to 10% of North Americans, particularly those in northerly regions, and is characterized by symptoms such as increased sleep, decreased energy, and cravings for carbohydrates. This condition was identified in 1984 by psychologist Norman Rosenthal.
Twitter poll debunks theory that favorite season matches birthday season: Only 32% of people's favorite seasons matched their birthday seasons, challenging a common belief.
While seasonal affective disorder is a serious form of depression, not everyone's favorite season corresponds to their birthday season. A Twitter poll revealed that only 32% of people's favorite seasons matched their birthday seasons, debunking a common theory. The changing seasons, driven by both temperature and daylight, have significant impacts on organisms, with more distinct seasons in temperate areas and less distinct ones near the equator. For many, the arrival of spring brings a renewed sense of energy and life, while for others, the changing seasons may not be as noticeable. Research in this area is ongoing, particularly in the tropics and subtropics where phenological cues are less distinct. Overall, the changing seasons play a crucial role in the lives of many organisms, influencing their behavior and development.
Seasonal changes impact behaviors of animals and plants in northern hemisphere: Climate change disrupts natural patterns, causing delayed or altered spring phenology for plants and birds, and potentially contributing to earlier seasonal sales for retailers, with broader consequences for ecosystems and human societies.
Both animals and plants in the northern hemisphere are influenced by seasonal changes and require specific environmental cues to trigger certain behaviors, such as breeding or flowering. However, climate change can disrupt these natural patterns. For instance, warmer winters may prevent plants from meeting their chilling requirement, leading to delayed or altered spring phenology. Similarly, birds may not receive the necessary cues to migrate and breed on time. This disruption can also extend to human-made traditions, with retailers increasingly pushing seasonal sales earlier and earlier, potentially contributing to the phenomenon known as "Christmas creep." The impact of climate change on plants and animals goes beyond phenology, with numerous studies showing that warmer temperatures and other climate variables can cause significant shifts in their distributions, behaviors, and populations. These changes can have far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and human societies alike.
Climate change causes ecological mismatches: Climate change impacts ecosystems by altering growing seasons and nutrient cycling, emphasizing the importance of leaving leaves on the ground to maintain health
Climate change can cause ecological mismatches between different organisms, leading to negative impacts on entire ecosystems. Even small temperature differences can have significant effects, and the length of the growing season can impact nutrient cycling and the entire ecosystem. Leaving leaves on the ground can help complete the nutrient cycle and maintain the health of the ecosystem, while raking them up can disrupt this process. Climate change is a real and pressing issue, and it's important to understand its impacts on various aspects of nature. Contrary to some myths, jumping into leaf piles can actually be beneficial for our health and the environment, as long as we check for potential hazards like ticks.
Actions to help mitigate climate change impact on birds: Conserve habitats, plant native species, engage in birdwatching, and debunk misconceptions about hummingbird feeders contribute to bird conservation and climate change mitigation.
While the reality of climate change and its impact on various species is a significant concern, there are actions we can take at both individual and collective levels to help mitigate its effects. These actions include conserving habitats, planting native species, and engaging in activities like birdwatching and nature observation. Additionally, there are misconceptions about the impact of hummingbird feeders on migratory patterns, which can be debunked. Birdwatching not only provides enjoyment but also contributes valuable data for phenology research. As for daylight savings time, it's a topic of debate due to its potential negative effects on health and well-being. Overall, staying informed and engaged in conservation efforts, no matter how small, can make a difference.
Orangutan Conservation and Unusual Seasonal Phenomena: Orangutans face threats from human actions and conservation efforts take a community-based approach. Unusual seasonal phenomena include marine life migrations and the crisp, nostalgic smell of fall due to decomposing leaves and fungus.
The natural world, whether terrestrial or marine, is full of fascinating phenomena that we may not be fully aware of. During the Ologies podcast, Libby discussed the Gunung Paluang Orangutan Project, a conservation organization that protects orangutan populations and forest biodiversity. She highlighted how human actions are the primary threats to orangutan survival and how the project takes a community-based approach to conservation. Meanwhile, in the realm of seasons, listeners wondered about unusual phenomena. Sophie Cosineau asked about the most unusual seasonal phenomenon people don't know about, leading to a discussion about marine life migrations. Maya Price, Marissa Laws, Hannah m Childers, and Jessica Starkman asked about the appeal of crunching leaves, which was attributed to the satisfying sound effect and the knowledge that we're not damaging anything. Lastly, many listeners, including Megan Johnson, Anna Thompson, Bath Bunny Art, Julie Bear, Maren Mossman, Nikki Finger, Heather Densmore, Kenley Wallace, Liv Schafer, Hannah N, Savannah, and Carrie Lee Hessman, asked about the crisp, nostalgic smell of fall. The answer: it's due to the decomposition of leaves, which releases volatile organic compounds and the scent of fungus, specifically Geotrichum candidum.
The delightful smell of rain and the changing colors of leaves: Rain produces a pleasant scent called petrichor, while leaves change colors due to genetic differences and the end of photosynthesis in fall
The metabolite byproduct created by a certain microscopic critter, called petrichor, is responsible for the delightful smell of rain. This scent, which has been named after its Greek origins meaning "stone and blood of the gods," is a beautiful reminder of the earth's vitality. Additionally, during the fall season, people are drawn to the nostalgic and primal feelings associated with the changing colors of leaves and the arrival of seasonal flavors like pumpkin spice and apple cider. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of photosynthesis in leaves changes as they transition to their autumnal colors, making them less efficient in producing nutrients for the tree. And finally, the color variation in leaves on the same tree species in the same area is likely due to genetic differences.
Seasonal changes in nature vary based on environmental conditions: Trees' color changes and first signs of seasons can be influenced by factors like water, sunlight, age, and optimal conditions. Indoor plants don't change with seasons, and SAD relief might come from combining light therapy with other coping strategies
Variations in environmental conditions can significantly impact the way plants and animals exhibit seasonal changes. For instance, trees may change colors at different rates due to factors like water availability, age, or sunlight exposure. Similarly, the first bird or flower spotted in a season can depend on the most optimal conditions, which may not necessarily represent the peak of that phenomenon. Indoor plants typically do not change colors with the seasons, as most are tropical species kept year-round. As for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), light therapy can be beneficial, but it might not be the only solution. People with SAD might find relief by combining light therapy with other coping mechanisms, such as enjoying their favorite beverages.
Managing Seasonal Affective Disorder: Prioritize sunlight, use light boxes, eat well, exercise, consider therapy or meds, appreciate seasonal changes, and learn from indigenous practices.
During winter months, it's important to prioritize getting outside for sunlight or using indoor light boxes, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and considering talk therapy or antidepressants if needed. Regarding the color of the sky, it's possible that its appearance can change depending on atmospheric conditions and the surrounding environment. Seasonal transitions can be unpredictable, with occasional false starts or sudden changes in weather. Indigenous communities often recognize more distinct seasons based on natural phenomena. These practices and perspectives can contribute to managing seasonal affective disorder and enhancing overall well-being.
Understanding Seasonal Changes through Ancient Records: Ancient records, including haikus and court documents, provide valuable data on seasonal shifts and their impacts on plant species and bird migration patterns. Modern phenology research benefits from these historical records and community/citizen science efforts.
Throughout history, people and natural systems have recorded seasonal changes for various reasons, from cultural traditions to scientific research. For instance, ancient Japanese records dating back to the 9th century provide valuable data on phonology and long-term phenology trends. These records, which include haikus and court documents, help scientists understand seasonal shifts and their impacts on plant species. Some birds migrate based on food resources and finding their unique niches, while others stay in one place due to changing environmental conditions. Climate records from historical figures like Thoreau and Japanese phenological data are essential resources for scientists studying seasonal changes. Additionally, community and citizen science play a significant role in collecting and sharing phenological data, allowing for broader coverage and more accurate records.
Community Science: Inclusive Approach to Citizen Science: Community science involves inclusive participation, observing monarch butterflies, reporting sightings, planting native host plants, utilizing technology for phenology studies, and preserving leaves through traditional and advanced methods.
Citizen science is evolving into community science to be more inclusive, and both terms can be used when looking to get involved. Monarch butterflies, along with many other species, are greatly impacted by climate change and habitat loss. Observing and reporting butterfly sightings, planting native host plants, and contributing data are essential to understanding their populations. Technology has revolutionized phenology field studies, allowing for automation and analysis at landscape scales through tools like phenocams, satellite images, and machine learning. While preserving leaves for artistic purposes can be challenging, traditional methods like pressing and drying can help prevent fading. Additionally, advancements in technology, such as 3D scanning and digital preservation, offer promising solutions for long-term leaf preservation.
Pressing leaves for preservation: To effectively press leaves, lay them flat and thin, display flowers with spread-out petals, and let them dry in a warm spot. However, color preservation can be a challenge, so consider using a Pantone wheel for reference.
Pressing leaves is an easy and rewarding way to preserve plants, but color preservation can be a challenge. To press leaves effectively, lay them out flat and thin, displaying flowers with spread-out petals. Place them in a dry, warm spot for a week or two. However, color fading is inevitable, so consider using a Pantone wheel for color reference. For those interested in experiencing fall foliage in person, consider visiting high-altitude areas in New England during October. The best time to view fall foliage can be estimated using online resources. The least enjoyable aspect of phenology is the desk work and dealing with the overwhelming amount of negative news related to the natural world. To cope, finding new sources of good news and spending time in nature can be helpful.
Overcoming Perception Barriers to Address Climate Change and Environmental Issues: Recognizing the value of scientific data and trusting those working on climate change and environmental issues can help progress. Motivation comes from the beauty and diversity of nature, but addressing these issues requires overcoming capitalist greed.
Working on climate change and environmental issues feels like an uphill battle due to the perception that these issues are not real or not important enough to address. This perception is compounded by the fact that progress is not being made, and in some cases, we are even rolling back existing systems meant to preserve natural places and keep the environment clean. The lack of trust and acknowledgement from the general public towards scientists and data can hinder progress. However, recognizing the value of scientific data and trusting those who are working on these issues can be an important step forward. For those working in this field, the beauty and diversity of nature serve as motivation to continue their efforts. Ultimately, addressing climate change and environmental issues requires getting through the capitalist greed that hinders progress. For those working in this field, their legacy may be the big picture goal of leaving a better world for future generations.
Contribute to climate change solutions and scientific research: Individuals can make a difference by collecting data, gaining knowledge, and taking action in community and citizen science programs. Follow Dr. Libbie Elwood on Twitter and check out resources for more information.
Everyone can contribute to climate change solutions and scientific research, no matter how small their actions may seem. By participating in community and citizen science programs, individuals can make a difference by collecting valuable data and gaining a deeper appreciation for the natural world. This knowledge can influence their voting decisions and inspire them to take further action. Asking simple questions to experts can also lead to life-changing answers and motivate individuals to help gather more data and continue the fight for important causes. To learn more and get involved, follow Dr. Libbie Elwood on Twitter and check out the resources in the show notes. Don't forget to help others register to vote and make a difference in your community. Stay tuned for the next episode on bones!