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    Smologies #22: REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS with David Steen

    en-usMay 01, 2023

    Podcast Summary

    • The Scientific Study of Amphibians and ReptilesHerpetology is the scientific study of amphibians and reptiles, including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, and snakes. Herpetologists use their expertise to identify species and study their unique characteristics, which is crucial for their conservation.

      Herpetology is the scientific study of amphibians and reptiles, which includes a wide range of creatures such as frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, and snakes. Herpetology comes from the Greek word "herpestes," meaning "creeping thing." Herpetologists, like Dr. David Skeen, are passionate about these animals and have a deep understanding of their unique characteristics. They often use their expertise to identify different species based on subtle features, even from blurry or distant images. Herpetology is an important field of study as many amphibian and reptile populations are facing threats from habitat loss, climate change, and other human activities. Understanding these animals and their needs is crucial for their conservation. So, whether you're a seasoned herpetology enthusiast or just starting to explore this fascinating field, remember that these creatures play a vital role in our ecosystems and deserve our respect and protection.

    • Societal factors shape our fear of snakesOur fear of snakes can be influenced by societal factors, including parents' reactions and media portrayals, rather than an innate biological response.

      Our fear of snakes and other reptiles or amphibians might be influenced more by societal factors than by an innate biological response. While some research suggests that we have an innate ability to recognize snakes, it's the way society reacts to these animals that can instill fear in us. For instance, parents' reactions to snakes can influence their children's perceptions. However, not everyone shares this fear, and some people even find these animals fascinating. The speaker personally enjoys studying and learning about various species, from the largest eastern diamondback rattlesnake to the hognose snake's unique survival strategies. Growing up, the speaker had always been interested in nature and aspired to be a naturalist. Some movies and television shows about reptiles and amphibians can get it right, capturing their beauty and intrigue, while others may perpetuate unnecessary fear. Overall, our relationship with these animals is shaped by a complex interplay of biology and societal influences.

    • Fascinating adaptations of amphibians and snakesAmphibians and snakes exhibit remarkable adaptations, such as surviving tornadoes, living in hybrid environments, and thriving with diverse strategies. The Alongside Wildlife Foundation aims to find science-based solutions for coexisting with these creatures.

      While some phenomena, like frog storms, may seem like legend or impossible, they are in fact real. Frogs, along with other animals, can be carried by tornadoes or water spouts and dropped back down as rain. This is just one example of the fascinating adaptations and behaviors of amphibians, which can live both in water and on land and breathe through various means such as gills, skin, or lungs. Snakes, on the other hand, are often misunderstood and are more defensive than sneaky. Amphibians' ability to thrive in hybrid environments is a result of their diverse strategies and adaptations. For instance, some frogs lay their eggs in water, while others on land, and some have gills, lungs, or both. The Alongside Wildlife Foundation, founded by Dr. David Steen, is dedicated to finding science-based solutions for living alongside wildlife, including amphibians.

    • Unique Features of Mexican Salamanders and SnakesMexican salamanders, like axolotls, are petomorphs, retaining juvenile features throughout their entire lives. Snakes have a complex evolutionary history, with some displaying vestigial limbs and others adapting to extreme climates.

      The natural world is full of fascinating and unique creatures, each with their own adaptations and characteristics. For instance, certain species of Mexican salamanders, known as axolotls, retain their juvenile features and gills throughout their entire lives, making them "petomorphs." Snakes, on the other hand, have a more complex evolutionary history, with some fossils showing evidence of their ancient leg structures. Nature is messy and adaptive, with creatures like boas and pythons having vestigial limbs, while others, like adders and garter snakes, live in extreme climates. Snakes, a diverse group, can be found in various settings, from sunny hills where they may coexist peacefully, to underground burrows, or communal winter dens. Some snakes are friends, some are food, and some are both.

    • Surprising Behaviors and Adaptations of SnakesSnakes exhibit complex behaviors, adaptations like being less territorial, long necks, ability to fart, and unique reproductive methods.

      Snakes, contrary to popular belief, exhibit surprising behaviors and adaptations. During a discussion, it was revealed that snakes are not as territorial as once thought, and their bodies consist mostly of neck rather than tail. An intriguing question about whether snakes can fart was also addressed, with confirmation that they do. The evolution of egg-laying versus live birth in snakes was explored, with advantages of both being discussed. Daniel Laveneras' question about the most awesome snake adaptation sparked a reflection on their remarkable ability to survive in various ways despite having no limbs. Overall, the conversation highlighted the fascinating complexities and adaptations of these often misunderstood creatures.

    • The adaptability and resilience of snakes and herpetologistsSnakes exhibit incredible survival skills after losing limbs, and herpetologists thrive in their roles through supportive communities and shared goals. Potential careers require research and experience, while proper pet care is crucial.

      Both snakes and dedicated professionals in the field of herpetology and wildlife ecology demonstrate incredible adaptability and resilience, whether it's through their physical abilities or their passion for their work. For snakes, losing limbs can lead to remarkable survival skills, such as constricting prey or using venom-like saliva. Similarly, herpetologists and wildlife ecologists, like Dr. David Stein, thrive in their roles due to the supportive communities and shared goals that drive their work towards increasing knowledge and preservation of these animals and their habitats. If someone is considering a career in herpetology or wildlife ecology, Dr. Stein advises gaining experience in any way possible and surrounding oneself with like-minded individuals to determine if it's the right path. And for those considering a pet, it's essential to research the animal's needs thoroughly before making a commitment, ensuring that one is prepared for the level of care required. In essence, the power of adaptation and collaboration shines through in both the natural world and the professional realm, making for fascinating discoveries and impactful progress.

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    Hellbenders are North America’s largest salamanders, living in rivers and growing to an incredible length of over two feet. Eastern newts are tiny and terrestrial, but both are susceptible to a fungal pathogen called Bsal. While Bsal has yet to make an appearance in the global hotspot of salamander diversity that is North America, it has wreaked havoc on populations in Europe, so biologists worry its impact could be even worse if it does.

    Eastern newts' susceptibility to Bsal coupled with their notable mobility mean they could act as “super-spreaders” of Bsal if the fungus ever gets to North America. For hellbenders, which are already listed as endangered and suffer from habitat degradation, a new pathogen is hardly good news. 

    On this final episode of the first season we speak with Dr. Becky Hardman from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville, and Dr. Anna Longo of the University of Florida about these fascinating and unique species, and discuss what is being done to prepare for a Bsal invasion that experts say is inevitable.

    More on this topic:

    To hear Part 1 of this season, see, "Mongabay Explores the Great Salamander Pandemic, Part 1: Are we ready?" -- Part 2 discussed the amazing diversity of salamanders, "Why are salamanders so diverse in North America?" Parts 3, 4, & 5 are also helpful in understanding the conservation community's response to the threat (and some opportunities) presented by Bsal.

    Based on a multi-year article series that Mongabay.com published about Bsal, episodes of this podcast season delve further to learn what's known about this issue, now. 

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