Harvest of Mars: History and War

"Moltke is not a general to copy but to study" 
   -  J.F.C. Fuller
 
In this episode we look at Helmuth von Moltke (the Elder), the Prussian Chief of the Prussian General Staff most noted for the dramatic Prussian victories over Austria and France which led to the foundation of Germany in 1871.  Most historians will casually acknowledge him as a brilliant military figure and attribute the dramatic rise of Prussia military prowess to his leadership.  Not wrong, but not quite right.  Moltke was not a battlefield commander and did not even issue direct orders at the battles the history books credit him for winning.  So, we are talking about a system here, an operation which could win battles and change the course of military history without the need for or the personal intervention of a genius.  Moltke was representative of a breakthrough in military thinking, organization, and efficiency carried out by what was an obscure group of professionals dedicated to such matters known as the Prussian General Staff.  That every modern major military has a General Staff is a testament to Moltke’s historical importance.

“The guerrilla wins if he does not lose.”
  – Henry Kissinger

In this episode we update a classic article written by Andrew Mack back in 1975.  As I feel strongly enough that a 50-year-old article is worth re-investigating and much of this analysis is based on Mack’s original conclusions, I highly recommend you read the original which is easily available in digital format.  Its full title is “Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars: The Politics of Asymmetric Conflict” and it appeared in the journal World Politics, Volume 27. 

How do massively outnumbered, outgunned, out-trained, and out-supplied guerillas sustain themselves in the field indefinitely?  What explains the paradox that even though the big nations win the key battles, such as the US with the Tet Offensive and the French in Algiers, they nevertheless find themselves in a weaker strategic position?   Would the outcomes have been different if the civilian leaderships did not tie the hands of their militaries?  These are rabbit holes that have some unsettling implications.

“There is a story, no doubt apocryphal, that gamers at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, have many times replayed the 1942 Battle of Midway - but have never been able to produce an American victory.”
     – Taken from historian Robert Cowley’s book What If?

 “Find better gamers.”
    – My response.

In this episode, we look at the celebrated Battle of Midway, in which US naval forces decisively defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy.  The prevailing narrative, as portrayed in two Hollywood films, was the plucky and outnumbered Americans were the beneficiaries of good fortune.  A deeper analysis reveals that the two sides were almost dead equal in the most important weapons system, carrier aircraft, and the United States had numerous advantages stemming from its massive industrial base.  Japan did not lose because it was unlucky or was the victim of an unfortunate confluence of events.  The battle itself reveals many of the factors that the United States possessed over Japan in the capacity to wage total war.

This is the last of a three-part series on the Emperor of the French inspired by historian Andrew Robert’s biography, Napoleon: A Life.  The book is quite good at revealing the human being behind the controversial historical figure.  Focusing primarily on the military sphere, this episode examines the significance of military genius, that is, why is it that sometimes brilliance seems to have a decisive impact on history and why sometimes it is bounded by larger historical forces.  Parts 1 and 2 saw how increasing responsibilities and difficulties hindered Napoleon’s ability to turn his military victories into lasting achievements.  This episode picks up with his invasion of Russia and argues that with the handwriting already on the wall, genius could not overcome the various obstacles arrayed against him.  It was quite an achievement to terrify a continent in 1815 with just 700 of his personal guard.  But even if had had won at Waterloo, eventual defeat was unavoidable. 

“Ukraine has achieved irreversible momentum.”
  -- US General Ben Hodges, Retired, November 3,  2022

 “From a military standpoint, I still maintain that for this year it would be very, very difficult to militarily eject the Russian forces from every inch of Russian-occupied Ukraine.”
 -- US General Mark Milley, January 20, 2023

In the episode, we look at the nature of wartime reporting and investigate how the circumstances of the Russia-Ukraine in February 2023 have changed so much that previous assumptions in 2022 are likely no longer true.  Russia seems to have succeeded in its mobilization efforts in the Fall and are currently applying pressure on the Ukrainian front.  Ukraine is due to receive modern NATO battle tanks and field a more capable army than the one which defeated the Russians last year at Kharkiv and Kherson last Autumn.   How are these changes going to affect the battlefield going forward?  What does each side need to attain their objectives?   This episode looks at historical parallels into the past to help understand the current strategic position and what to look forward in May and June when both sides will likely launch offensives.

“You must not fight too often with one enemy, or you will teach him all your art of war.”
    – Napoleon Bonaparte

 This is the second of a three-part series on the Emperor of the French inspired by historian Andrew Robert’s biography, Napoleon: A Life.  The book is quite good at revealing the human being behind the controversial historical figure.  Focusing primarily on the military sphere, this episode examines the significance of military genius, that, is why is it that sometimes brilliance seems to have a decisive impact on history and why sometimes it is bounded by larger historical forces.  Part 1 looked at his campaigns to the end of 1805 and his masterstroke at Austerlitz.  Part 2 picks up the story in with Napoleon’s campaign against Prussia.  This episode argues that even though the Emperor waged a spectacular campaign that ended with the humiliation of what had been the finest army in Europe a generation earlier, a critical look reveals the handwriting on the wall that shows the historical circumstances weighing against Napoleon that were beyond his military genius. 

“He who fears being conquered is certain of defeat.”
      – Napoleon Bonaparte

In the first of this two-part episode, we take a look at the Emperor of the French inspired by historian Andrew Robert’s biography, Napoleon: A Life.  The book is quite good at revealing the human being behind the controversial historical figure.  Focusing primarily on the military sphere, this episode examines the significance of military genius, that, is why is it that sometimes brilliance seems to have a decisive impact on history and why sometimes it is bounded by larger historical forces.  Part 1 looks at his campaigns to the end of 1805 and his masterstroke at Austerlitz.  What were the factors that enabled the emperor, who was so often outnumbered, to win more battles than perhaps anyone other commander in human history?  How much was his purported genius responsible for his meteoric rise?   

“People Sleep Peacefully in Their Beds at Night Only Because Rough Men Stand Ready to Do Violence on Their Behalf”
 – Attributed to George Orwell 

In the episode, we examine whether or not Orwell’s quote has historical evidence to support it.  Are people civilized only because less civilized men guard them while they sleep?  Building on the scholarship of Georges Dumézil who compared the mythologies are various Indo European peoples, this podcast argues yes.  Not only that, anthropological data also suggests this contention reveals a fundamental distrust civilian leaders have always had toward warriors, especially those who were successful.  When examining war honestly, which the ancients did and we do not, a historical pattern emerges that has similarities across continents and cultures.  Warriors are not trusted and there is probably good reason for that.

"Russia's advantages in capacity, capability, and geography combine to pose insurmountable challenges for Ukrainian forces tasked with defending their country." -- The RAND Corporation, January 21, 2022

In the episode, we investigate how events in the Russia-Ukraine war have unfolded.  It was widely predicted by Western strategists the Russia was so much more powerful than Ukraine that any assistance Washington might provide would be largely irrelevant.  How could Western experts have been so wrong?  How has Ukraine managed not only to stop the Russian offensive, but also counter-attack and actually push back the Russians for the past two months?   Our historical memories of the Soviet Union were never well understood and this has led Western strategists to wildly exaggerate Russia's current military capabilities.  This episode puts present day Russia and its military into historical context and identifies numerous parallels in history that show the current Russian struggles in Ukraine is not that hard to understand and should have been anticipated by our intelligence agencies.

“My centre is giving way, my right is retreating, excellent situation, I am attacking.”
– General Ferdinand Foch, 1914 

In the episode, we take a look at the difference in offensives during the two world wars.  It is commonly asserted that the defensive was superior in WWI, and thus the generals who ordered the attacks are often portrayed as unthinking donkeys who ordered futile attacks.  Have memories of the horrors of Verdun and Passchendaele biased postwar judgements of the WWI generals?  Are there other reasons that might explain why the combat in WWII was so markedly different than in WWI?  

“My generals know nothing about the economic aspects of war.”
   – Adolf Hitler

 In the episode, we take a look at the German generals of World War II.  With the imagery of Blitzkrieg occupying a prominent place in WWII histories, the reputation of the German generals as exceptional military commanders has persisted despite defeat.  Growing up in the United States during the 1980s, I always thought it was fascinating that I knew the names of far more German generals from WWII than those of American generals.  Is their lofty reputation warranted?  Were they better than their Allied counterparts who defeated them?  Could the war had gone differently if Adolf Hitler heeded their advice?

"They shall have wars and pay for their presumption.”
 – William Shakespeare, Henry VI Part 3

In the episode, we take a look at British historian Michael Roberts' thesis of a military revolution that occurred in Europe form 1560-1660.    Roberts theorized that changing military developments bore a main share of responsibility of changing the old medieval world to the coming of the modern world.  An ambitious claim made back in the 1950s, many history textbooks still make reference to it.  Ironically, the military revolution's largest impact was probably in the halls of government rather than on the field of battle.

"I asked Tom if countries always apologized when they had done wrong, and he says: 'Yes; the littles ones does.'"
- Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer Abroad , 1894

In the episode, we take a look at a classic, “The Melian Dialogue” from Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War.  It is a famous exchange between powerful Athens, which is engaged in an epic struggle for dominance with its great rival Sparta, and weak Melos, which has declared its neutrality.  Even though this event took place over 2500 years ago, history has shown the reasoning behind the actions have been a constant in human history and essential for understanding how and why great powers conduct wars.

“The offensive is the only way of insuring victory.”
- General August von Keim, 1912

In the episode, we take a look at the prevailing belief that the military offensive was far more effective than the defensive on the eve of the First World War.   As World War I is infamous for the horrific slaughter of trench warfare in which troops  had to "go over the top" and attack headlong against powerful fortification, this is a classic case to examine if the generals were blind or if their critics are using hindsight. 

“The generation to which I belong has a bad conscience.”
- Marc Bloch, 1940

In the episode, we take a look at the fall of France to Nazi Germany during WWII.  Although the German Blitzkrieg has a reputation for being a military powerhouse, the reality is that the Allied forces were stronger on paper.  Not only did the Allies lose, but they also did so in spectacular fashion as France surrendered after just six weeks of fighting in what the famous historian Mark Bloch called a "Strange Defeat."

“I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma; but perhaps there is a key. That key is Russian national interest.”
- Winston Churchill

An examination in the rise of Russia from Mongol tributary vassal to global superpower reveals underlying weaknesses that gives insight into its decision to invade Ukraine and why its military has performed far below the expectations most experts predicted.

“With 2000 years of examples behind us we have no excuse when fighting, for not fighting well.”
- T.E Lawrence

Focusing mostly on the United States, the episode explores issues such as the high rate of suicides among veterans, and why US policy makers and the general public have a poor understanding of military affairs.