Stuff You Missed in History Class

Holly and Tracy discuss the unfortunate and gruesome event that allegedly happened at Anne-Marie-Louse's funeral. Harrison Dyar's compulsion and cruelty are also examined.

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Harrison G. Dyar, Jr. is known today largely as a hobby tunneler. But he was also an influential entomologist, and his personal life was much more convoluted than any tunnel he ever dug. 

Research:

• “Allen v. Allen.” The Pacific Reporter, Volume 193. https://books.google.com/books?id=cbyZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA540&lpg=PA540&dq=wellesca+pollock&source=bl&ots=PvDosq-Q0D&sig=QTmSy0vOgN9DzncgGGpPagodRHE&hl=en&ei=dtjjTaWUNIfhiALuq5mkBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=allen%20v%2C%20allen&f=false
• Boardman, Larry. “Reporter Exlores Tunnel Under Washington Streets.” The Modesto Evening News. Oct. 14, 1924. https://www.newspapers.com/image/689368625/?terms=Harrison%20G.%20Dyar&match=1
• “Claims Defendant in Divorce Case Is Fictitious.” Reno Gazette-Journal. May 22, 1916. https://www.newspapers.com/image/147642470/?terms=zella%20dyar%20wilfred%20allen&match=1
• Dyar, Harrison G. “THE NUMBER OF MOLTS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE.” Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 1890. https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1890/023871.pdf
• Dyar, Harrison Gray. "A preliminary genealogy of the Dyar family." Gibson Bros. Washington, D.C. 1903. https://archive.org/stream/preliminarygenea03dyar/preliminarygenea03dyar_djvu.txt
• “Entomologist of Renown Asks for Divorce.” Reno Gazette-Journal. Sept 20, 1916. https://www.newspapers.com/image/147654205/?terms=Harrison%20G.%20Dyar&match=1
• Epstein, Marc. “Moths, Myths, and Mosquitos: The Eccentric Life of Harrison G. Dyar, Jr.” Oxford University Press. 2016.
• Kelly, John. “Dyar and Wellesca, together at last and above ground.” The Washington Post. Nov. 6, 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dyar-and-wellesca-together-at-last-and-above-ground/2012/11/06/b620f998-2448-11e2-ac85-e669876c6a24_story.html
• Kelly, John. “Inside the Tunnels of Washington’s Mole Man, Harrison G. Dyar.” The Washington Post. Nov. 3, 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/inside-the-tunnels-of-washingtons-mole-man-harrison-g-dyar/2012/11/03/169851cc-1d41-11e2-9cd5-b55c38388962_story.html
• Kelly, John. “1915 letter from Dyar’s mistress to his wife.” The Washington Post. Nov. 5, 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/1915-letter-from-dyars-mistress-to-his-wife/2012/11/05/dc19bb56-1c61-11e2-9cd5-b55c38388962_story.html
• Kelly, John. “Wellesca Pollock, before she Married Harrison G. Dyar.” The Washington Post. Oct. 30, 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/wellesca-pollock-before-she-met-harrison-g-dyar/2012/10/30/52a7009e-1c4e-11e2-9cd5-b55c38388962_story.html
• “Mix-up Over Mosquito Tale.” The Washington Herald. April 28, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/48225958/?terms=Evelyn%20Mitchell&match=1
• “The Mole Man of Washington.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/the-mole-man-of-washington/2012/11/03/da7cc540-25f3-11e2-ac85-e669876c6a24_graphic.html
• “Mrs. Zella Peabody Dyar filed suit … “ The Washington Post. Oct. 8, 1915. https://www.newspapers.com/image/28826160/?terms=Zella%20Dyar&match=1
• “Mystery Allen Case Is Partially Lifted.” Nevada State Journal. Oct. 15, 2016. https://www.newspapers.com/image/1009663765/?terms=zella%20dyar%20wilfred%20allen&match=1
• “Mystery Tunnel Joins Two Homes.” The Washington Times. May 19, 1917. https://www.newspapers.com/image/79910879/?terms=dyar%20tunnel&match=1
• “Named Defendant in Suit for Divorce.” Evening Star. Oct. 7, 1915. https://www.newspapers.com/image/332095519/?terms=Zella%20Dyar&match=1
• “Sales of Realty.” Evening Star. March 12, 1906. https://www.newspapers.com/image/146325388/?terms=Harrison%20G.%20Dyar&match=1
• Smith, Ryan P. “The Bizarre Tale of the Tunnels, Trysts and Taxa of a Smithsonian Entomologist.” Smithsonian. May 13, 2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/bizarre-tale-tunnels-trysts-and-taxa-smithsonian-entomologist-180959089/
• “Tunnel Puzzle Solved; ‘Prof’ a Human Mole.” Chicago Tribune. Sept. 27, 1924. https://www.newspapers.com/image/354882108/?terms=Harrison%20G.%20Dyar&match=1
• “Widow of Dr. H.G. Dyar Dies of Heart Ailment.” The Evening Star. June 23, 1940. https://www.newspapers.com/image/866032864/?terms=Harrison%20G.%20Dyar&match=1

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Anne-Marie-Louise d’Orleans has been described by historians as having been one of the richest heiresses in history, as an insurgent, as unaccomplished, as an Amazon, as a writer, and as a fool. And she was sort of all of those things. 

Research: 

• Barine, Arvede, and Helen Meyer. “La Grande Mademoiselle 1627-1652.” Putnam. 1902. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/50717/50717-h/50717-h.htm
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Anne-Marie-Louise d’Orléans, duchess de Montpensier". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Marie-Louise-dOrleans-duchesse-de-Montpensier
• DeJean, Joan. “Against Marriage: The Correspondence of La Grande Mademoiselle.” Chicago University Press. 2002.
• “France’s Mid-17th-Century Crisis: The Fronde (1648-1653).” University of Kentucky. https://history.as.uky.edu/france%E2%80%99s-mid-17th-century-crisis-fronde-1648-1653
• Fraser, Antonia. “Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King.” Anchor Books. 2007.
• “La Grande Mademoiselle 1627-1693.” Chateau de Versailles. https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/grande-mademoiselle
• Montpensier, Anne-Marie-Louise d’Orleans. “Memoirs of Mademoiselle de Montpensier, grand-dughter of Henri Quatre, and niece of Queen Henrietta-Maria.” London, Colburn. 1848. https://archive.org/details/memoirsmademois02montgoog/page/n10/mode/2up
• Sackville-West, V. “Daughter of France: the life of Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, duchesse de Montpensier, 1627-1693, la Grande Mademoiselle.” Doubleday. 1959. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/daughteroffrance00sack/page/30/mode/2up

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This 2015 episode examines how Dr. Peters helped revolutionize the treatment of both breast cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma. But, at the time, her work was largely dismissed.

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Holly and Tracy discuss van Dyck's personal life and historical photography. They also discuss mammogram science and try to reassure listeners about the experience.

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The history of mammography begins with the discovery of X-rays in 1895. But it took a very long time for breast imaging to advance, in part because it wasn't prioritized. 

Research:

• “The St George’s Four: Meet the women that shaped St George’s.” St. George’s University of London. 3/8/2019. https://www.sgul.ac.uk/news/the-st-george-s-four-meet-the-women-that-shaped-st-george-s
• American Physical Society. “This Month in Physics History.” November 2001 (Volume 10, Number 10). https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200111/history.cfm
• Bassett, Lawrence W. and Richard H. Gold. “The Evolution of Mammography.” AJR 150:493-498, March 1988.
• Bhidé, Amar et al. “Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances: Mammography.” Harvard Business School Working Paper 20-002. 2021.
• CROWTHER, J. Röntgen Centenary and Fifty Years of X-Rays. Nature 155, 351–353 (1945). https://doi.org/10.1038/155351a0
• Davis, Devra. “The Secret History Of Mammography.” HuffPost. 11/17/2011. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-secret-history-of-mam_b_364733
• Haus, Arthur G. “Historical Technical Developments in Mammography. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment. ISSN 1533-0346. Volume 1, Number 2, April (2002)
• Kalaf, José Michael. “Mammography: a history of success and scientific enthusiasm.” Radiol Bras. 2014 Jul/Ago;47(4):VII–VIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2014.47.4e2
• Lerner, Barron H. “’To See Today With the Eyes of Tomorrow: A History of Screening Mammography.’” CBMH/BCMH I Volume 20:2 2003 / p. 299-321.
• Lerner, Barron H. “Why Was the US Preventive Services Task Force’s 2009 Breast Cancer Screening Recommendation So Objectionable? A Historical Analysis.” The Milbank Quarterly, September 2022, Vol. 100, No. 3 (September 2022). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48713998
• Lienhard, Dina A., "Mammography". Embryo Project Encyclopedia ( 2018-03-25 ). ISSN: 1940-5030 https://hdl.handle.net/10776/13056
• Mao X, He W, Humphreys K, et al. Breast Cancer Incidence After a False-Positive Mammography Result. JAMA Oncol. Published online November 02, 2023. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4519
• Mekasut, Nitida. “Mammography: From Past to Present.” The Bangkok Medical Journal. February 2011. https://www.bangkokmedjournal.com/sites/default/files/fullpapers/2010-1-Mekasut.pdf
• Nicosia, Luca et al. “History of Mammography: Analysis of Breast Imaging Diagnostic Achievements over the Last Century.” Healthcare 2023, 11, 1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111596
• Ritvo, Max. "The Role of Diagnostic Roentgenology in Medicine." New England Journal of Medicine 262, no. 24 (1960): 1201-09.
• Skloot, Rebecca. “Taboo Organ: How a Pitt Alum Refused to Let Mammography Be Ignored.” Pittmed. April 2001. https://www.pittmed.health.pitt.edu/apr_2001/taboo_organ.pdf
• Warren, Stafford L. “A Roentgenologic Study of the Breast.” The American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy 1930-08: Vol 24 Iss 2.
• Zenger, Ingo. “The history of mammography.” Siemens. https://www.medmuseum.siemens-healthineers.com/en/stories-from-the-museum/history-mammography 

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Anthony van Dyck was a commercially successful painter in Antwerp and Italy, but he may have had the most influence in England when he served as court painter to King Charles I.

Research:

• Blake, Robin. “Anthony Van Dyck.”  Ivan R. Dee. 2009.
• “Anthony Van Dyck.” The Art Story. https://www.theartstory.org/artist/van-dyck-anthony/
• Maddicott, Hilary. “‘Qualis vita, finis ita’: The life and death of Margaret Lemon, mistress of Van Dyck.” The Burlington Magazine. February 2018. https://www.burlington.org.uk/media/_file/generic/article-42279.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2dE5AscipktnTy4QDCc0CN_cYOlVYCPkNerrHsR0oi0V4zCUdiOpEz2to
• Solly, Meilan. “Digital Art Detectives Identify Original van Dyck Portrait.” Smithsonian. Oct. 10, 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/digital-art-detectives-identify-original-van-dyck-portrait-spanish-royal-180973308/
• Liedtke, Walter. “Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) and Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641): Paintings.” The Met. October 2003. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rvd_p/hd_rvd_p.htm
• Vance, Heidi. “15 Facts About Anthony van Dyck: A Man Who Knew Many Faces.” The Collector. Aug. 16, 2020. https://www.thecollector.com/anthony-van-dyck-painter/
• “In focus: Sir Anthony van Dyck.” National Portrait Gallery. https://www.npg.org.uk/assets/files/pdf/learning/NPG_VanDyck_14.pdf
• “The Iconographie and Other Early Portrait Prints after Van Dyck.” The Frick Collection.
• https://www.frick.org/exhibitions/van_dyck/iconographie
• White, Christopher. “Anthony van Dyck and the Art of Portraiture.” Modern Art Press. 2021.
• Wood, Jeremy. “Dyck, Sir Anthony [formerlyAntoon] Van.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Sept. 23, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/28081

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This 2013 episode covers a tsunami that struck the coast of Japan in January 1700, . It took a while -- a long while -- to figure out where the catalyzing earthquake had been.

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Holly talks about her infatuation with the show "Succession," and why Tracy might not like it. Tracy talks about a unique bridge designed by John Roebling. 

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Emily Warren Roebling played a crucial role in the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge after her husband became disabled. It’s a story of an engineering marvel and what mainstream U.S. society expected of women and disabled people in the 19th century. 

Research:

• American Monthly Magazine. “Mrs. Washington A. Roebling.” Daughters of the American Revolution. 1892. https://archive.org/details/americanmonthlymv17daug/
• Ashworth, William B. Jr. “Emily Warren Roebling.” Linda Hall Library. https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/emily-warren-roebling/
• Bennett, Jessica. “Emily Warren Roebling.” New York Times. 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-emily-warren-roebling.html
• Bowery Boys. “PODCAST: The Brooklyn Bridge.” 1/11/2008. https://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2008/01/brooklyn-bridge.html
• Brady, Sean. “The Brooklyn Bridge: Tragedy Overcome (Part 1).” The Structural Engineer. March 2015.
• Brady, Sean. “The Brooklyn Bridge: Tragedy Overcome (Part 2).” The Structural Engineer. April 2015.
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Emily Warren Roebling". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Dec. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emily-Warren-Roebling. Accessed 9 January 2024.
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Washington Augustus Roebling". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Jul. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Washington-Augustus-Roebling. Accessed 9 January 2024.
• Brooklyn Daily Eagle. “Mrs. Washington A. Roebling.” 3/1/1903. https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/53405737/
• “Col. W.A. Roebling.” The Brooklyn Union. 5/16/1883. https://www.newspapers.com/image/541841261/
• “Cost of Marrying a Foreigner.” The Buffalo Review. 8/27/1889. https://www.newspapers.com/image/354435395/
• “Danger In It.” Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 10/1/1889. https://www.newspapers.com/image/50407904/
• "Emily Roebling." Notable Women Scientists, Gale, 2000. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1668000367/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=0de2e1e2. Accessed 18 Dec. 2023.
• Flagg, Thomas R. "Brooklyn Bridge." Encyclopedia of New York State, edited by Peter R. Eisenstadt and Laura-Eve Moss, Syracuse UP, 2005, p. 223. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A194195370/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=a49d8b0e. Accessed 18 Dec. 2023.
• Hewitt, Abram S. “Oration. From: Opening ceremonies of the New York and Brooklyn bridge, May 24, 1883. Press of the Brooklyn Job Printing Department. 1883. https://archive.org/details/openingceremoni00bridgoog
• “In the Dark.” The Brooklyn Union. 7/11/1882. https://www.newspapers.com/image/541767454/
• “John Roebling Ferry Accident.” Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 6/30/1869. https://www.newspapers.com/image/60752419/
• Juravich, Nick. “Emily Warren Roebling: Building the Brooklyn Bridge and Beyond.” New York Historical Society. 5/30/2018. https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/emily-warren-roebling-beyond-the-bridge
• Library of Congress. “Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge.” https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-12/
• “Mrs. Roebling Dead.” New-york Tribune. 3/1/1903. https://www.newspapers.com/image/467730770/
• New York Historical Society. “Life Story: Emily Warren Roebling (1843–1903).” Women & the American Story. https://wams.nyhistory.org/industry-and-empire/labor-and-industry/emily-warren-roebling/
• Petrash, Antonia. “More than petticoats. Remarkable New York women.” 2002.
• “Battling Tetanus.” https://www.si.edu/spotlight/antibody-initiative/battling-tetanus
• Tiwari, Tejpratap S.P. et al. “Tetanus.” Centers for Disease Control. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/tetanus.htm
• “With Women Lawyers.” The Woman's Journal 1899-04-08: Vol 30 Iss 14. https://archive.org/details/sim_the-womans-journal_1899-04-08_30_14/page/109/

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In 1935, miner Alexei Stakhanov became a hero of labor in the Soviet Union, and the Stakhanovite movement began. But what was touted as an organic step forward to greater productivity by Stalin was truly a carefully planned PR effort.

Research:

• Applebaum, Anne. "Holodomor". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Jan. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/event/Holodomor
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "kulak". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Nov. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/kulak
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Stakhanov". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Jun. 2008, https://www.britannica.com/place/Stakhanov
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Industrialization, 1929-34.” https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union/Industrialization-1929-34
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Lavrenty Beria". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Dec. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lavrenty-Beria
• Kotkin, Stephen. “Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941.” Penguin. 2017.
• “Soviet leaders' gifts go on show.” BBC News. Nov. 15, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6150746.stm
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Khrushchev’s secret speech". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Feb. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Khrushchevs-secret-speech
• Costea, Bogdan and Peter Watt. “How a Soviet miner from the 1930s helped create today’s intense corporate workplace culture.” The Conversation. June 29, 2021. https://theconversation.com/how-a-soviet-miner-from-the-1930s-helped-create-todays-intense-corporate-workplace-culture-155814
• “Heroes of Labor.” Time. Dec. 16, 1935. https://web.archive.org/web/20071016224729/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,755449,00.html
• “Khrushchev and the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party, ” U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/khrushchev-20th-congress
• Knight, Amy. “Beria: Stalin’s First Lieutenant.” Princeton University Press. 1995.
• Newman, Dina. “Alexei Stakhanov: The USSR's superstar miner.” https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35161610
• Overy, Richard. “The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Russia.” Norton. 2006.
• Remnick, David. “Soviets Chronicle Demise of Beria.” The Washington Post. Feb. 29, 1988. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/02/29/soviets-chronicle-demise-of-beria/f3793536-d798-44a1-943c-287b99f88340/
• Schmemann, Serge. “In Soviet, Eager Beaver’s Legend Works Overtime.” New York Times. Augst 31, 1985. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/31/world/in-soviet-eager-beaver-s-legend-works-overtime.html
• SIEGELBAUM, LEWIS H. “Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941.” Cambridge University Press. 1988.
• SIEGELBAUM, LEWIS H. “THE MAKING OF STAKHANOVITES, 1935-36.” Russian History, vol. 13, no. 2/3, 1986, pp. 259–92. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24655836
• “Stalin at the Conference of Stakhanovites.” Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. Michigan State University. https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1936-2/year-of-the-stakhanovite/year-of-the-stakhanovite-texts/stalin-at-the-conference-of-stakhanovites/
• Davies, R. W., and Oleg Khlevnyuk. “Stakhanovism and the Soviet Economy.” Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 54, no. 6, 2002, pp. 867–903. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/826287

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This 2013 episode covers Hypatia, one of the earliest female mathematicians and astronomers. Though she wasn't the very first, she was among the greatest. At the time of her murder, she was the foremost mathematician and astronomer in the West, and possibly in the world.

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Tracy explains why there aren't any repatriations or exhumations in this week's edition of Unearthed! There's also discussion of all the ways a sandal might end up in a well. 

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Finishing out discussion of things literally and figuratively dug up in the last months of 2023, we're covering shipwrecks, art, animals, and the miscellaneous category we call potpourri.

Research:

• Alberge, Dalya. “That’s not a potato: mystery of Egyptian treasures found buried in grounds of Scottish school.” The Guardian. 11/19/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/nov/19/thats-not-a-potato-mystery-of-egyptian-treasures-found-buried-in-grounds-of-scottish-school
• Anderson, Sonja. “This Mysterious Hillside Carving Is Actually Hercules, Researchers Say.” Smithsonian. 1/2/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/england-cerne-abbas-giant-is-really-hercules-once-used-to-rally-troops-180983522/
• “Runestones reveal the power of a Viking queen.” Phys.org. 10/13/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-runestones-reveal-power-viking-queen.html
• Babbs, Verity. “Archaeologists Discover Ancient Roman Baths Beneath a Museum in Croatia.” Artnet. 12/12/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/roman-baths-split-croatia-2406697
• Babbs, Verity. “The $4 N.C. Wyeth Painting Finally Sold—for Real This Time.” ArtNet. 12/19/2023. https://news.artnet.com/market/wyeth-thrift-store-painting-finally-sold-2411412
• Fordham, Alice. “Fossil footprints in New Mexico suggest humans have been here longer than we thought.” NPR. 10/7/2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204031535/fossil-footprints-in-new-mexico-suggest-humans-have-been-here-longer-than-we-tho
• Innes-Leroux, Matthew. “Evidence from the remains of 1918 flu pandemic victims contradicts long-held belief that healthy young adults were particularly vulnerable.” EurekAlert. 10/9/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1003882
• Jeffrey S. Pigati et al. ,Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands.Science382,73-75(2023).DOI:10.1126/science.adh5007
• Kuta, Sarah. “Metal Detectorist Unearths Bronze Age Jewelry in Swiss Carrot Field.” Smithsonian. 10/20/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bronze-age-jewelry-uncovered-in-carrot-field-in-switzerland-180983109/
• Kuta, Sarah. “New U.S. Quarter Honors Maria Tallchief, America’s First Prima Ballerina.” Smithsonian. 11/3/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/osage-ballerina-maria-tallchief-featured-on-the-us-quarter-180983186/
• Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “How a Scottish Schoolboy Digging for Potatoes Uncovered a Trove of Egyptian Antiquities.” Artnet News. 11/20/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/school-boy-digging-for-potatoes-finds-egyptian-antiquities-2396736
• Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “How Do You Make $191,000 From a $4 Painting? You Don’t.” ArtNet. 11/29/2023. https://news.artnet.com/market/nc-wyeth-thrift-store-painting-didnt-sell-2400888
• Lisbeth M. Imer et al, A lady of leadership: 3D-scanning of runestones in search of Queen Thyra and the Jelling Dynasty, Antiquity (2023). DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2023.108
• Martin, Nick. “The White Sands discovery only confirms what Indigenous people have said all along.” High Country News. 9/24/2021. https://www.hcn.org/issues/53.11/indigenous-affairs-archaeology-the-white-sands-discovery-only-confirms-what-indigenous-people-have-said-all-along
• Matthew R. Bennett et al. ,Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum.Science373,1528-1531(2021).DOI:10.1126/science.abg7586
• Morcom Thomas and Helen Gittos. “The Cerne Giant in Its Early Medieval Context.” Speculum. Vol. 99, No. 1. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/727992#_i9
• Nowakowski, Teresa. “New Memorial Honors Victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.” Smithsonian. 10/25/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-memorial-honors-the-victims-of-the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire-180983081/
• Olaya, Vicente. “The Roman well-cleaner who lost a sandal 2,000 years ago in Spain.” El Pais. 10/17/2023. https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-10-17/the-roman-well-cleaner-who-lost-a-sandal-2000-years-ago-in-spain.html
• Paterson, Colin. “Shakespeare found, claims Norfolk theatre.” BBC. 10/4/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-67007980
• Reed, Betsy. “New Mexico footprints are oldest sign of humans in Americas, research shows.” The Guardian. 10/6/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/oct/06/footprints-humans-americas-oldest-sign-new-mexico
• Richard E. Bevins et al, The Stonehenge Altar Stone was probably not sourced from the Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin: Time to broaden our geographic and stratigraphic horizons?, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104215
• Schrader, Adam. “Hundreds of Artifacts Stolen From the British Museum May Have Been Sold for Scrap.” ArtNet. 12/12/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/british-museum-independent-review-complete-after-massive-theft-2407800
• Sherwood, Harriet. “Archaeologists uncover rare 18th-century cold bath under Bath Assembly Rooms.” The Guardian. 10/8/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/oct/08/archaeologists-uncover-rare-18th-century-cold-bath-under-bath-assembly-rooms
• Smail, Gretchen. “Did Shakespeare Perform on These Newly Discovered Floorboards?” Smithsonian. 10/10/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/did-shakespeare-perform-on-these-floorboards-180983033/
• The History Blog. “Excavation of 6th c. folding chair complete.” 10/18/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68535
• The History Blog. “Medieval skeleton with prosthetic hand found in Bavaria.” 8/28/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68609
• University of Oxford. “New research shows the Cerne Abbas Giant was a muster station for King Alfred's armies.” Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-cerne-abbas-giant-muster-station.html
• Wade, Lizzie. “Human footprints near ice age lake suggest surprisingly early arrival in the Americas.” Science. 9/23/2021. https://www.science.org/content/article/human-footprints-near-ice-age-lake-suggest-surprisingly-early-arrival-americas
• Wei-Haas, Maya. “New Evidence That Ancient Footprints Push Back Human Arrival in North America.” New York Times. 10/5/2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/05/science/footprints-tracks-new-mexico-age.html
• Whiddington, Richard. “A Norwegian Family Went Searching for a Lost Earring in Their Backyard. They Found Viking Artifacts Instead.” Artnet News. 10/20/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/norway-viking-brooches-2374065
• Davis, Nicola. “Seaweed was common food in Europe for thousands of years, researchers find.” The Guardian. 10/17/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/oct/17/seaweed-was-common-food-in-europe-for-thousands-of-years-researchers-find
• University of York. “Study reveals our European ancestors ate seaweed and freshwater plants.” Phys.org. 10/17/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-reveals-european-ancestors-ate-seaweed.html
• University of Vienna. “Archaeologists discover 5,000-year-old wine at the tomb of Meret-Neith in Abydos.” Phys.org. 10/9/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-archaeologists-year-old-wine-tomb-meret-neith.html
• Schrader, Adam. “Archaeologists Excavating the Tomb of Egypt’s First Female Pharaoh Found Hundreds of Jars Still Holding Remnants of Wine.” ArtNet. 10/18/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/egypt-pharaoh-merneiths-2373062
• Pflughoeft, Aspen. “1,900-year-old winery — that made drinks for ancient Romans — found in France. See it.” Miami Herald via Yahoo News. 11/30/2023. https://news.yahoo.com/1-900-old-winery-made-203204865.html
• University of York. “Early Neolithic farmers arriving on the Baltic coast bucked trends and incorporated fish into their diets.” Phys.org. 10/17/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-early-neolithic-farmers-baltic-coast.html
• Public Library of Science. “Mummified poop reveals pre-Columbian cultures of the Caribbean consumed a diversity of plants.” Phys.org. 11/11/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-mummified-poop-reveals-pre-columbian-cultures.html
• Jelissa Reynoso-García, Jelissa, et al. “Edible flora in pre-Columbian Caribbean coprolites: Expected and unexpected data.” PLoS One. 10/11/2023. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0292077
• Elysha McBride et al, What Bit the Ancient Egyptians? Niche Modelling to Identify the Snakes Described in the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus, Environmental Archaeology (2023). DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2023.2266631
• Winder, Isabelle Catherine and Wolfgang Wüster. “Ancient Egypt had far more venomous snakes than the country today, according to new study of a scroll.” Phys.org. 10/17/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-ancient-egypt-venomous-snakes-country.html
• Binswanger, Julia. “This Ancient Egyptian Burial Chamber Was Filled With Spells to Ward Off Snake Bites.” Smithsonian. 11/14/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-ancient-egyptian-burial-chamber-was-filled-with-spells-to-ward-off-snake-bites-180983247/
• Janssen, Tom. “Study shows beavers had a big influence on how people in the Stone Age lived.” Phys.org. 10/17/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-beavers-big-people-stone-age.html
• Siehoff, Jonas. “Early humans hunted beavers, 400,000 years ago.” EurekAlert. 11/29/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1009496
• Langley, Michelle et al. “Bringing a shark to a knife fight: 7,000-year-old shark-tooth knives discovered in Indonesia.” Phys.org. 10/27/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-shark-knife-year-old-shark-tooth-knives.html
• Dietz, Helena. “On the trail of a great mystery.” EurekAlert. 10/24/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1005687
• University of Konstanz. “Origin of ancient mummified baboons found in Egypt” ScienceDaily. 10/24/2023. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/10/231024110554.htm
• Binswanger, Julia. “Ancient Egyptians Kept Baboons in Captivity and Mummified Their Remains.” Smithsonian. 12/11/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/study-shows-ancient-egyptians-worshiped-baboons-but-gave-them-poor-living-conditions-180983391/
• Meiling, Chen. “Archaeologists uncover rare sheep-drawn carriage in Xi'an.” China Daily. 10/26/2023. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202310/26/WS653a3b80a31090682a5eaf07.html
• Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav et al. “The Origins of Saddles and Riding Technology in East Asia: Discoveries from the Mongolian Altai.” Antiquity (2023): 1–17. Web. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/origins-of-saddles-and-riding-technology-in-east-asia-discoveries-from-the-mongolian-altai/95BA971FD64B2A7544D4BEF6694A8E14
• “Earliest 'true' saddle in east Asia discovered.” Phys.org. 11/11/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-12-earliest-true-saddle-east-asia.html
• Lavery, Ryan. “Researchers, Coast Salish people analyze 160-year-old indigenous dog pelt in the Smithsonian’s collection.” EurekAlert. 12/14/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1010435
• Strickland, Ashley. “Rare ‘treasure box’ of French letters opened and read after 265 years.” CNN. 11/6/2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/06/world/french-letters-national-archives-scn/index.html
• Chien, Min. “French Love Letters, Sealed for 265 Years, Are Opened—and Read—for the First Time.” ArtNet. 11/14/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/french-love-letters-written-during-seven-years-war-read-for-the-first-time-2392940
• Fee, Jenny. “UPDATED: Owner of Pageturners sells mysterious 318-year-old Bible to local collector.” Independent Advocate. 11/12/2023. https://www.indianola-ia.com/news/updated-owner-of-pageturners-sells-mysterious-318-year-old-bible-to-local-collector/article_3cec849e-7698-11ee-8fee-538f106de6d6.html
• D'Angelo, Bob. “Bible printed in 1705 discovered in Iowa retirement home.” Boston 25. 11/15/2023. https://www.boston25news.com/news/trending/bible-printed-1705-discovered-iowa-retirement-home/3TCHA336WVHFTEZKF7XSP5SWZ4/
• KCRG Staff. “Bible older than the US found in Indianola retirement home.” https://www.kcrg.com/2023/11/15/bible-older-than-us-found-indianola-retirement-home/
• Rivers Cofield, Sara. “Bennett's Bronze Bustle.” Commitment to Costumes blog. 2/17/2014. https://commitmentocostumes.blogspot.com/2014/02/bennetts-bronze-bustle.html
• “'Cryptogram' in a silk dress tells a weather story.” 12/14/2023. https://www.noaa.gov/heritage/stories/cryptogram-in-silk-dress-tells-weather-story
• The History Blog. “3rd c. Roman shipwreck recovered whole from seabed.” 10/9/2023. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68464
• Kuta, Sarah. “100-Year-Old Shipwreck Discovered 800 Feet Below Lake Superior.” Smithsonian. 10/17/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/100-year-old-shipwreck-discovered-in-lake-superior-180983083/
• Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. “Shipwreck Society Discovers a World War One Era Steel Bulk Freighter 100 Years after it sinks.” https://shipwreckmuseum.com/shipwreck-society-discovers-a-world-war-one-era-steel-bulk-freighter-100-years-after-it-sinks/
• Williams, Ashley R. “‘An incredible find’: Florida road crews discover 19th-century boat buried in St. Augustine.” CNN. 10/14/2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/14/us/florida-19th-century-boat-st-augustine-trnd/index.html
• Kuta, Sarah. “Father and Daughter Discover 152-Year-Old Shipwreck While Fishing in Green Bay.” Smithsonian. 12/18/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/father-and-daughter-discover-152-year-old-shipwreck-while-fishing-in-green-bay-180983468/
• “San Jose galleon: Shipwreck to be recovered with billions in treasure.” 11/12/2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/67342273
• Shuttleworth, Peter. “Newport medieval ship's timber dated to within months.” BBC. 11/3/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-67302907
• Bryant, Miranda. “‘We have a lot of cracks’: Swedes seek to save Vasa warship – again.” The Guardian. 12/26/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/27/we-have-a-lot-of-cracks-swedes-seek-to-save-vasa-warship-again
• Kuta, Sarah. “117-Year-Old Shipwreck Found in Puget Sound.” Smithsonian. 11/27/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/shipwreck-in-puget-sound-180983317/
• Kuta, Sarah. “Anchor From 1906 Shipwreck Found in Florida.” Smithsonian. 12/8/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/anchor-from-1906-shipwreck-found-in-florida-180983394/
• The History Blog. “Obsidian from Neolithic shipwreck recovered off Capri.” 11/23/2023. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68849
• The History Blog. “Europe’s oldest functioning compass found in Estonia wreck.” 11/25/2023. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68863
• Cascone, Sarah. “A Secret Room in a 16th-Century Italian Chapel, Where Michelangelo Hid—and Drew—for Months, Opens to the Public.” Artnet. 10/31/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world-archives/michelangelo-secret-room-museum-of-medici-chapels-2387647
• Olson, Amy. “A 15th century French painting depicts an ancient stone tool.” EurekAlert. 10/17/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1005048
• Key, Alastair et al. “Acheulean Handaxes in Medieval France: An Earlier ‘Modern’ Social History for Palaeolithic Bifaces.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal (2023): 1–17. Web. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/acheulean-handaxes-in-medieval-france-an-earlier-modern-social-history-for-palaeolithic-bifaces/14EF16E3BBAAE1A14CEA98BB3997C6C3
• Whiddington, Richard. “This 15th-Century Painting Might Actually Depict a Prehistoric Tool, New Research Suggests.” Artnet. 10/29/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world-archives/prehistoric-hand-axe-fouquet-painting-2383607
• National Trust. “The devil in the detail: A fiend re-emerges from the canvas of a painting by Joshua Reynolds.” 10/30/2023. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/services/media/fiend-re-emerges-from-the-canvas-of-joshua-reynolds-painting

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We're closing out the last three months of 2023 by talking about things literally and figuratively dug up during that time, kicking it off with lots of updates of prior episodes, things dug up from the garden, edibles and potables, and books and letters.

Research:

• Alberge, Dalya. “That’s not a potato: mystery of Egyptian treasures found buried in grounds of Scottish school.” The Guardian. 11/19/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/nov/19/thats-not-a-potato-mystery-of-egyptian-treasures-found-buried-in-grounds-of-scottish-school
• Anderson, Sonja. “This Mysterious Hillside Carving Is Actually Hercules, Researchers Say.” Smithsonian. 1/2/2024. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/england-cerne-abbas-giant-is-really-hercules-once-used-to-rally-troops-180983522/
• “Runestones reveal the power of a Viking queen.” Phys.org. 10/13/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-runestones-reveal-power-viking-queen.html
• Babbs, Verity. “Archaeologists Discover Ancient Roman Baths Beneath a Museum in Croatia.” Artnet. 12/12/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/roman-baths-split-croatia-2406697
• Babbs, Verity. “The $4 N.C. Wyeth Painting Finally Sold—for Real This Time.” ArtNet. 12/19/2023. https://news.artnet.com/market/wyeth-thrift-store-painting-finally-sold-2411412
• Fordham, Alice. “Fossil footprints in New Mexico suggest humans have been here longer than we thought.” NPR. 10/7/2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204031535/fossil-footprints-in-new-mexico-suggest-humans-have-been-here-longer-than-we-tho
• Innes-Leroux, Matthew. “Evidence from the remains of 1918 flu pandemic victims contradicts long-held belief that healthy young adults were particularly vulnerable.” EurekAlert. 10/9/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1003882
• Jeffrey S. Pigati et al. ,Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands.Science382,73-75(2023).DOI:10.1126/science.adh5007
• Kuta, Sarah. “Metal Detectorist Unearths Bronze Age Jewelry in Swiss Carrot Field.” Smithsonian. 10/20/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bronze-age-jewelry-uncovered-in-carrot-field-in-switzerland-180983109/
• Kuta, Sarah. “New U.S. Quarter Honors Maria Tallchief, America’s First Prima Ballerina.” Smithsonian. 11/3/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/osage-ballerina-maria-tallchief-featured-on-the-us-quarter-180983186/
• Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “How a Scottish Schoolboy Digging for Potatoes Uncovered a Trove of Egyptian Antiquities.” Artnet News. 11/20/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/school-boy-digging-for-potatoes-finds-egyptian-antiquities-2396736
• Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “How Do You Make $191,000 From a $4 Painting? You Don’t.” ArtNet. 11/29/2023. https://news.artnet.com/market/nc-wyeth-thrift-store-painting-didnt-sell-2400888
• Lisbeth M. Imer et al, A lady of leadership: 3D-scanning of runestones in search of Queen Thyra and the Jelling Dynasty, Antiquity (2023). DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2023.108
• Martin, Nick. “The White Sands discovery only confirms what Indigenous people have said all along.” High Country News. 9/24/2021. https://www.hcn.org/issues/53.11/indigenous-affairs-archaeology-the-white-sands-discovery-only-confirms-what-indigenous-people-have-said-all-along
• Matthew R. Bennett et al. ,Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum.Science373,1528-1531(2021).DOI:10.1126/science.abg7586
• Morcom Thomas and Helen Gittos. “The Cerne Giant in Its Early Medieval Context.” Speculum. Vol. 99, No. 1. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/727992#_i9
• Nowakowski, Teresa. “New Memorial Honors Victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.” Smithsonian. 10/25/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-memorial-honors-the-victims-of-the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire-180983081/
• Olaya, Vicente. “The Roman well-cleaner who lost a sandal 2,000 years ago in Spain.” El Pais. 10/17/2023. https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-10-17/the-roman-well-cleaner-who-lost-a-sandal-2000-years-ago-in-spain.html
• Paterson, Colin. “Shakespeare found, claims Norfolk theatre.” BBC. 10/4/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-67007980
• Reed, Betsy. “New Mexico footprints are oldest sign of humans in Americas, research shows.” The Guardian. 10/6/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/oct/06/footprints-humans-americas-oldest-sign-new-mexico
• Richard E. Bevins et al, The Stonehenge Altar Stone was probably not sourced from the Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin: Time to broaden our geographic and stratigraphic horizons?, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104215
• Schrader, Adam. “Hundreds of Artifacts Stolen From the British Museum May Have Been Sold for Scrap.” ArtNet. 12/12/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/british-museum-independent-review-complete-after-massive-theft-2407800
• Sherwood, Harriet. “Archaeologists uncover rare 18th-century cold bath under Bath Assembly Rooms.” The Guardian. 10/8/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/oct/08/archaeologists-uncover-rare-18th-century-cold-bath-under-bath-assembly-rooms
• Smail, Gretchen. “Did Shakespeare Perform on These Newly Discovered Floorboards?” Smithsonian. 10/10/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/did-shakespeare-perform-on-these-floorboards-180983033/
• The History Blog. “Excavation of 6th c. folding chair complete.” 10/18/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68535
• The History Blog. “Medieval skeleton with prosthetic hand found in Bavaria.” 8/28/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68609
• University of Oxford. “New research shows the Cerne Abbas Giant was a muster station for King Alfred's armies.” Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2024-01-cerne-abbas-giant-muster-station.html
• Wade, Lizzie. “Human footprints near ice age lake suggest surprisingly early arrival in the Americas.” Science. 9/23/2021. https://www.science.org/content/article/human-footprints-near-ice-age-lake-suggest-surprisingly-early-arrival-americas
• Wei-Haas, Maya. “New Evidence That Ancient Footprints Push Back Human Arrival in North America.” New York Times. 10/5/2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/05/science/footprints-tracks-new-mexico-age.html
• Whiddington, Richard. “A Norwegian Family Went Searching for a Lost Earring in Their Backyard. They Found Viking Artifacts Instead.” Artnet News. 10/20/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/norway-viking-brooches-2374065
• Davis, Nicola. “Seaweed was common food in Europe for thousands of years, researchers find.” The Guardian. 10/17/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/oct/17/seaweed-was-common-food-in-europe-for-thousands-of-years-researchers-find
• University of York. “Study reveals our European ancestors ate seaweed and freshwater plants.” Phys.org. 10/17/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-reveals-european-ancestors-ate-seaweed.html
• University of Vienna. “Archaeologists discover 5,000-year-old wine at the tomb of Meret-Neith in Abydos.” Phys.org. 10/9/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-archaeologists-year-old-wine-tomb-meret-neith.html
• Schrader, Adam. “Archaeologists Excavating the Tomb of Egypt’s First Female Pharaoh Found Hundreds of Jars Still Holding Remnants of Wine.” ArtNet. 10/18/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/egypt-pharaoh-merneiths-2373062
• Pflughoeft, Aspen. “1,900-year-old winery — that made drinks for ancient Romans — found in France. See it.” Miami Herald via Yahoo News. 11/30/2023. https://news.yahoo.com/1-900-old-winery-made-203204865.html
• University of York. “Early Neolithic farmers arriving on the Baltic coast bucked trends and incorporated fish into their diets.” Phys.org. 10/17/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-early-neolithic-farmers-baltic-coast.html
• Public Library of Science. “Mummified poop reveals pre-Columbian cultures of the Caribbean consumed a diversity of plants.” Phys.org. 11/11/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-mummified-poop-reveals-pre-columbian-cultures.html
• Jelissa Reynoso-García, Jelissa, et al. “Edible flora in pre-Columbian Caribbean coprolites: Expected and unexpected data.” PLoS One. 10/11/2023. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0292077
• Elysha McBride et al, What Bit the Ancient Egyptians? Niche Modelling to Identify the Snakes Described in the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus, Environmental Archaeology (2023). DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2023.2266631
• Winder, Isabelle Catherine and Wolfgang Wüster. “Ancient Egypt had far more venomous snakes than the country today, according to new study of a scroll.” Phys.org. 10/17/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-ancient-egypt-venomous-snakes-country.html
• Binswanger, Julia. “This Ancient Egyptian Burial Chamber Was Filled With Spells to Ward Off Snake Bites.” Smithsonian. 11/14/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-ancient-egyptian-burial-chamber-was-filled-with-spells-to-ward-off-snake-bites-180983247/
• Janssen, Tom. “Study shows beavers had a big influence on how people in the Stone Age lived.” Phys.org. 10/17/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-beavers-big-people-stone-age.html
• Siehoff, Jonas. “Early humans hunted beavers, 400,000 years ago.” EurekAlert. 11/29/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1009496
• Langley, Michelle et al. “Bringing a shark to a knife fight: 7,000-year-old shark-tooth knives discovered in Indonesia.” Phys.org. 10/27/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-shark-knife-year-old-shark-tooth-knives.html
• Dietz, Helena. “On the trail of a great mystery.” EurekAlert. 10/24/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1005687
• University of Konstanz. “Origin of ancient mummified baboons found in Egypt” ScienceDaily. 10/24/2023. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/10/231024110554.htm
• Binswanger, Julia. “Ancient Egyptians Kept Baboons in Captivity and Mummified Their Remains.” Smithsonian. 12/11/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/study-shows-ancient-egyptians-worshiped-baboons-but-gave-them-poor-living-conditions-180983391/
• Meiling, Chen. “Archaeologists uncover rare sheep-drawn carriage in Xi'an.” China Daily. 10/26/2023. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202310/26/WS653a3b80a31090682a5eaf07.html
• Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav et al. “The Origins of Saddles and Riding Technology in East Asia: Discoveries from the Mongolian Altai.” Antiquity (2023): 1–17. Web. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/origins-of-saddles-and-riding-technology-in-east-asia-discoveries-from-the-mongolian-altai/95BA971FD64B2A7544D4BEF6694A8E14
• “Earliest 'true' saddle in east Asia discovered.” Phys.org. 11/11/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-12-earliest-true-saddle-east-asia.html
• Lavery, Ryan. “Researchers, Coast Salish people analyze 160-year-old indigenous dog pelt in the Smithsonian’s collection.” EurekAlert. 12/14/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1010435
• Strickland, Ashley. “Rare ‘treasure box’ of French letters opened and read after 265 years.” CNN. 11/6/2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/06/world/french-letters-national-archives-scn/index.html
• Chien, Min. “French Love Letters, Sealed for 265 Years, Are Opened—and Read—for the First Time.” ArtNet. 11/14/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/french-love-letters-written-during-seven-years-war-read-for-the-first-time-2392940
• Fee, Jenny. “UPDATED: Owner of Pageturners sells mysterious 318-year-old Bible to local collector.” Independent Advocate. 11/12/2023. https://www.indianola-ia.com/news/updated-owner-of-pageturners-sells-mysterious-318-year-old-bible-to-local-collector/article_3cec849e-7698-11ee-8fee-538f106de6d6.html
• D'Angelo, Bob. “Bible printed in 1705 discovered in Iowa retirement home.” Boston 25. 11/15/2023. https://www.boston25news.com/news/trending/bible-printed-1705-discovered-iowa-retirement-home/3TCHA336WVHFTEZKF7XSP5SWZ4/
• KCRG Staff. “Bible older than the US found in Indianola retirement home.” https://www.kcrg.com/2023/11/15/bible-older-than-us-found-indianola-retirement-home/
• Rivers Cofield, Sara. “Bennett's Bronze Bustle.” Commitment to Costumes blog. 2/17/2014. https://commitmentocostumes.blogspot.com/2014/02/bennetts-bronze-bustle.html
• “'Cryptogram' in a silk dress tells a weather story.” 12/14/2023. https://www.noaa.gov/heritage/stories/cryptogram-in-silk-dress-tells-weather-story
• The History Blog. “3rd c. Roman shipwreck recovered whole from seabed.” 10/9/2023. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68464
• Kuta, Sarah. “100-Year-Old Shipwreck Discovered 800 Feet Below Lake Superior.” Smithsonian. 10/17/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/100-year-old-shipwreck-discovered-in-lake-superior-180983083/
• Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. “Shipwreck Society Discovers a World War One Era Steel Bulk Freighter 100 Years after it sinks.” https://shipwreckmuseum.com/shipwreck-society-discovers-a-world-war-one-era-steel-bulk-freighter-100-years-after-it-sinks/
• Williams, Ashley R. “‘An incredible find’: Florida road crews discover 19th-century boat buried in St. Augustine.” CNN. 10/14/2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/14/us/florida-19th-century-boat-st-augustine-trnd/index.html
• Kuta, Sarah. “Father and Daughter Discover 152-Year-Old Shipwreck While Fishing in Green Bay.” Smithsonian. 12/18/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/father-and-daughter-discover-152-year-old-shipwreck-while-fishing-in-green-bay-180983468/
• “San Jose galleon: Shipwreck to be recovered with billions in treasure.” 11/12/2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/67342273
• Shuttleworth, Peter. “Newport medieval ship's timber dated to within months.” BBC. 11/3/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-67302907
• Bryant, Miranda. “‘We have a lot of cracks’: Swedes seek to save Vasa warship – again.” The Guardian. 12/26/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/27/we-have-a-lot-of-cracks-swedes-seek-to-save-vasa-warship-again
• Kuta, Sarah. “117-Year-Old Shipwreck Found in Puget Sound.” Smithsonian. 11/27/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/shipwreck-in-puget-sound-180983317/
• Kuta, Sarah. “Anchor From 1906 Shipwreck Found in Florida.” Smithsonian. 12/8/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/anchor-from-1906-shipwreck-found-in-florida-180983394/
• The History Blog. “Obsidian from Neolithic shipwreck recovered off Capri.” 11/23/2023. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68849
• The History Blog. “Europe’s oldest functioning compass found in Estonia wreck.” 11/25/2023. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/68863
• Cascone, Sarah. “A Secret Room in a 16th-Century Italian Chapel, Where Michelangelo Hid—and Drew—for Months, Opens to the Public.” Artnet. 10/31/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world-archives/michelangelo-secret-room-museum-of-medici-chapels-2387647
• Olson, Amy. “A 15th century French painting depicts an ancient stone tool.” EurekAlert. 10/17/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1005048
• Key, Alastair et al. “Acheulean Handaxes in Medieval France: An Earlier ‘Modern’ Social History for Palaeolithic Bifaces.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal (2023): 1–17. Web. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/acheulean-handaxes-in-medieval-france-an-earlier-modern-social-history-for-palaeolithic-bifaces/14EF16E3BBAAE1A14CEA98BB3997C6C3
• Whiddington, Richard. “This 15th-Century Painting Might Actually Depict a Prehistoric Tool, New Research Suggests.” Artnet. 10/29/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world-archives/prehistoric-hand-axe-fouquet-painting-2383607
• National Trust. “The devil in the detail: A fiend re-emerges from the canvas of a painting by Joshua Reynolds.” 10/30/2023. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/services/media/fiend-re-emerges-from-the-canvas-of-joshua-reynolds-painting

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This 2013 episode covers Benjamin Banneker, a man of color in Colonial America who became an accomplished scholar despite having almost no formal schooling.

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Holly and Tracy talk about how actuarial science informs other fields, the book "The Player," and insurance mentions in Terry Pratchett's writing. 

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As life insurance and assurance became more common, companies that offered coverage ran into in problems in the 18th and 19th century. Part 2 also covers how Insurance has been used by gamblers as a grisly amusement.

Research:

• Bell, John. “London’s Remembrancer … “ E. Cotes. London. 1665. Accessed online: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A27350.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Bellhouse, David R. “A New Look at Halley’s Life Table.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.” 174, Part 3, pp. 823–832. 2011. https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/epidemiology/hanley/c609/material/BellhouseHalleyTable2011JRSS.pdf
• Bennetts, N., (2019). MORGAN, WILLIAM (1750 - 1833), actuary and scientist. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 22 Dec 2023, from https://biography.wales/article/s12-MORG-WIL-1750
• Boyce, Niall. “Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London.” The Lancet. April 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30725-X
• Chatfield, Michael and Vangermeersch, Richard, "History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia" (1996). Individual and Corporate Publications. 168.
  https://egrove.olemiss.edu/acct_corp/168
• CLARK, GEOFFREY. “Life Insurance in the Society and Culture of London, 1700-75.” Urban History, vol. 24, no. 1, 1997, pp. 17–36. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44612859
• de Roover, Florence Edler. “Early Examples of Marine Insurance.” The Journal of Economic History, vol. 5, no. 2, 1945, pp. 172–200. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114075
• Fouse, L. G. “Policy Contracts in Life Insurance.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 26, 1905, pp. 29–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1011003
• “James Dodson’s tables of premiums, 1756.” Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. https://www.actuaries.org.uk/learn-and-develop/research-and-knowledge/library-services/historical-collections/archive-equitable-life-assurance-society/highlights-equitable-life-archive/james-dodson-s-tables-premiums-1756
• Eggen, Olin Jeuck. "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Dec. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmond-Halley
• Greenwood, Major. “The First Life Table.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. October 31, 1938. Volume 1, Issue 2. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsnr.1938.0017
• Harford, Tim. “What makes gambling wrong but insurance right ?” BBC News. March 20, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38905963
• Ivry, David A. “Historical Development of Some Basic Life Insurance Terminology.” The Journal of Insurance, vol. 28, no. 3, 1961, pp. 65–69. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/250376
• Lewin, Chris. “The Creation of Actuarial Science.” ZDM – Mathematics Education. 2001. Vol. 33. https://subs.emis.de/journals/ZDM/zdm012i2.pdf
• Ogborn, M.E. “The Professional Name of Actuary.” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. 1956. https://web.archive.org/web/20081217144303/http://www.actuaries.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/25382/0233-0246.pdf
• Rose, I. Nelson. “How Insurance Became (Mostly) Not Gambling.” Gaming Law Review and Economics.Nov 2014.864-872.http://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2014.1892
• ROWELL, A. H. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994), vol. 88, no. 3, 1962, pp. 387–89. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41139514. Accessed 27 Dec. 2023.
• Thomas, R., & Chambers, Ll. G., (1959). PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791), philosopher. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 27 Dec 2023, from https://biography.wales/article/s-PRIC-RIC-1723
• “Actuary Overview.” Best Jobs. U.S. News and World Report. https://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/actuary
• Walford, Cornelius. “History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom.” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, vol. 25, no. 2, 1885, pp. 114–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41135809
• Walford, Cornelius. “History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom (Concluded).” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994), vol. 26, no. 6, 1887, pp. 436–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41136141
• Whittle, Matt. “How To Become An Actuary: Responsibilities, Practice Areas And Certifications.” Forbes. Nov. 29, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/advisor/education/become-an-actuary/

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Actuarial science is all about calculating risk – risk of injury, illness, death, risk of market shifts and financial outcomes. Part one covers the earliest population tables and early examples of life insurance and assurance. 

Research:

• Bell, John. “London’s Remembrancer … “ E. Cotes. London. 1665. Accessed online: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A27350.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Bellhouse, David R. “A New Look at Halley’s Life Table.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.” 174, Part 3, pp. 823–832. 2011. https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/epidemiology/hanley/c609/material/BellhouseHalleyTable2011JRSS.pdf
• Bennetts, N., (2019). MORGAN, WILLIAM (1750 - 1833), actuary and scientist. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 22 Dec 2023, from https://biography.wales/article/s12-MORG-WIL-1750
• Boyce, Niall. “Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London.” The Lancet. April 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30725-X
• Chatfield, Michael and Vangermeersch, Richard, "History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia" (1996). Individual and Corporate Publications. 168.
  https://egrove.olemiss.edu/acct_corp/168
• CLARK, GEOFFREY. “Life Insurance in the Society and Culture of London, 1700-75.” Urban History, vol. 24, no. 1, 1997, pp. 17–36. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44612859
• de Roover, Florence Edler. “Early Examples of Marine Insurance.” The Journal of Economic History, vol. 5, no. 2, 1945, pp. 172–200. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114075
• Fouse, L. G. “Policy Contracts in Life Insurance.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 26, 1905, pp. 29–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1011003
• “James Dodson’s tables of premiums, 1756.” Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. https://www.actuaries.org.uk/learn-and-develop/research-and-knowledge/library-services/historical-collections/archive-equitable-life-assurance-society/highlights-equitable-life-archive/james-dodson-s-tables-premiums-1756
• Eggen, Olin Jeuck. "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Dec. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmond-Halley
• Greenwood, Major. “The First Life Table.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. October 31, 1938. Volume 1, Issue 2. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsnr.1938.0017
• Harford, Tim. “What makes gambling wrong but insurance right ?” BBC News. March 20, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38905963
• Ivry, David A. “Historical Development of Some Basic Life Insurance Terminology.” The Journal of Insurance, vol. 28, no. 3, 1961, pp. 65–69. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/250376
• Lewin, Chris. “The Creation of Actuarial Science.” ZDM – Mathematics Education. 2001. Vol. 33. https://subs.emis.de/journals/ZDM/zdm012i2.pdf
• Ogborn, M.E. “The Professional Name of Actuary.” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. 1956. https://web.archive.org/web/20081217144303/http://www.actuaries.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/25382/0233-0246.pdf
• Rose, I. Nelson. “How Insurance Became (Mostly) Not Gambling.” Gaming Law Review and Economics.Nov 2014.864-872.http://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2014.1892
• ROWELL, A. H. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994), vol. 88, no. 3, 1962, pp. 387–89. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41139514. Accessed 27 Dec. 2023.
• Thomas, R., & Chambers, Ll. G., (1959). PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791), philosopher. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 27 Dec 2023, from https://biography.wales/article/s-PRIC-RIC-1723
• “Actuary Overview.” Best Jobs. U.S. News and World Report. https://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/actuary
• Walford, Cornelius. “History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom.” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, vol. 25, no. 2, 1885, pp. 114–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41135809
• Walford, Cornelius. “History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom (Concluded).” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994), vol. 26, no. 6, 1887, pp. 436–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41136141
• Whittle, Matt. “How To Become An Actuary: Responsibilities, Practice Areas And Certifications.” Forbes. Nov. 29, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/advisor/education/become-an-actuary/

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This 2019 episode covers the career Alfred Wegener had outside of his ideas around what we now understand as plate tectonics, which had both detractors and supporters. 

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