Understanding FSGS: A Deep Dive into Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
FSGS stands for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. It is a kidney disorder characterized by scarring (sclerosis) in specific segments of the kidney's filtering units called glomeruli. FSGS is a leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in both children and adults.
In FSGS, the glomeruli become damaged, leading to the leakage of proteins, such as albumin, into the urine. This proteinuria can result in swelling (edema) in various parts of the body, particularly in the legs and ankles. Other symptoms may include high blood pressure, reduced kidney function, and elevated cholesterol levels.
The exact cause of FSGS is often unknown, although it can be associated with certain conditions such as obesity, hypertension, viral infections (such as HIV), drug toxicity, or genetic factors. FSGS can also be classified as primary (idiopathic), where the cause is unknown, or secondary when it is associated with an underlying condition or disease.
The diagnosis of FSGS involves a combination of clinical evaluation, urine tests to detect proteinuria, blood tests to assess kidney function, and a kidney biopsy to examine the kidney tissue under a microscope.
Treatment for FSGS aims to manage symptoms, slow the progression of kidney damage, and prevent complications. It typically involves a combination of medication, dietary changes, and lifestyle modifications. Medications commonly used include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria.
In some cases, FSGS may progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), where the kidneys can no longer function adequately, and dialysis or kidney transplantation may be required.
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