microglia

Dr. Mario Capecchi is a professor of genetics at the University of Utah & Nobel laureate. He discussed: his latest work in neurobiology, looking at the role of microglia in anxiety & Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD); his Nobel Prize-winning work in molecular genetics; molecular biology & genetics; his childhood experiences as an orphan in Italy during World War II; immigrating to the US; his education & scientific career; his exercise & diet; advice for aspiring scientists; and more.

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Episode Description:

Welcome to another intriguing episode from our AMA series, where we're diving deep into the realms of cell biology, cognitive aging, and neurodegenerative disease, all through the lens of zebrafish!

We're delighted to have Dr. Liz Haynes, a cell biologist and post-doctoral fellow, as our special guest. A proud advocate for open-source tools and publishing, Dr. Haynes wields a microscope and an unyielding curiosity for the brain's smallest defenders, the microglia.

She embarked on her scientific journey at UNC-Chapel Hill, studying the fascinating actin dynamics and then plunging into the intricate world of kinesin-1’s cargo-binding subunits. But it was the world of zebrafish that stole her heart and honed her research focus.

Dr. Haynes utilizes her expertise in multiscale microscopy, specifically 2-photon and light sheet microscopy, to elucidate the role of microglia in cognitive aging and neurodegenerative diseases in zebrafish. The aim? To unravel the complex behaviors of cells in a 3D environment.

Currently, as a Morgridge Post-Doctoral Fellow working with the Eliceiri and Ulland labs, Dr. Haynes continues to innovate strategies for longitudinal light sheet and multiphoton microscopy. Her work promises new insights into microglia's part in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

Join us as we discuss zebrafish, microglia, and the incredible world of cell biology with Dr. Haynes. Prepare to be amazed at what we can learn from the unassuming zebrafish and how they can teach us about cognitive aging and neurodegenerative disease.

Today’s AMA is featuring Dr. Liz Haynes. You can follow her Sci Find Profile here (https://scifind.io/profiles/liz-haynes-j07bjmkz6uukura) to see some of her posts and her Twitter handle is @actin_crazy (https://twitter.com/actin_crazy). Check out her posts: https://scifind.io/posts/tissue-clearing-part-2-mounting-where-theres-a-will-theres-a-way-30puv6hnt5qratg and https://scifind.io/posts/tissue-clearing-part-1-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-r-p3p45h5yjb45iko

One of the strangest and most disconcerting things about the COVID 19 pandemic has been the story of long COVID.

Many COVID long-haulers  have continued experiencing cognitive symptoms long after their initial COVID infection — loss of attention, concentration, memory, and mental sharpness — what scientists are calling "brain fog".  For some patients, the condition is so serious that it can be impossible to go back to their pre-COVID lives.

Today’s guest, actually had an early intuition that COVID-19 could trigger a neurological health crisis.

Michelle Monje is a pediatric neuro-oncologist here at Stanford who treats kids with serious brain cancers. She also runs a neuroscience research lab that studies how the brain develops during early life. For the past decade, she has been focused on how chemotherapy triggers a cascade of inflammation in the brain that leads to so called “chemo-fog” — a very similar set of symptoms that we now see in many people with long covid.

In this episode, Monje helps us understand what brain fog is, what seems to be causing it, and how her team and others are trying to develop treatments that could help with other conditions linked to inflammation in the brain, such as chronic fatigue syndrome.

References

• Fernández-Castañeda A, Lu P, Geraghty AC, et al. (Iwasaki A, Monje M) Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation. Cell. 2022;185(14):2452-2468.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008
• Monje M, Iwasaki A. The neurobiology of long COVID. Neuron. 2022;110(21):3484-3496. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.006

Read more about Monje's work

• One of Long COVID’s Worst Symptoms Is Also Its Most Misunderstood (The Atlantic)
• Brain fog after COVID-19 has similarities to ‘chemo brain,’ Stanford-led study finds (Stanford Medicine)
• In ‘chemo brain,’ researchers see clues to unravel long Covid’s brain fog (STAT News)
• Even Mild Covid-19 Can Cause Brain Dysfunction And Cognitive Issues (Forbes)

Episode Credits
This episode was produced by Michael Osborne, with production assistance by Morgan Honaker, and hosted by Nicholas Weiler. Art by Aimee Garza.

Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying our show, please take a moment to give us a review on your podcast app of choice and share this episode with your friends. That's how we grow as a show and bring the stories of the frontiers of neuroscience to a wider audience.

Learn more about the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

When you think of brain cells, you probably think of neurons. That's perfectly understandable.  Discussions of the brain almost always focus on  neurons. But there is another family of brain cells, (glial cells) that, by some estimates, outnumber neurons by 10 to 1!.  Even if the the percentage is more like 50/50, that's a lot of cells - billions!

Based on what I have read, I have a sneaking suspicion that glial cells are in charge of the brain!  Yup. Neurons are the work horses, but glial cells hold the reins. In this episode, I discuss the mysteries of glial cells with Dr. Jeff Darling. We discuss the four basic types of glial cells and what they do - and why I think they are running the show. 

Click on Chapters (above) to see specific topic ares. 

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In deze aflevering bespreek ik hoe de werking van nicotine in de hersenen is en waarom het verslavend is, tevens komt er een nieuw inzicht ter sprake over de werking van nicotine op de microglia. Microglia zijn cellen die de zenuwcellen van de hersenen onderhouden en allerlei functie hebben en die door nicotine beïnvloed worden. Het lijkt erop dat adolescenten en jong volwassenen gevoeliger zijn voor de verslavende effecten van roken en ook dat roken in de hersenen van pubers meer potentiële schade kan aanrichten.
Medicatie bij stoppen met roken wordt besproken, nicotine vervangende middelen, nortiptyline, bupropion, varenicline en ten slotte wordt er kort ingegaan op cytisine en het gevaar van e-sigaretten en vaping wordt besproken. Met name het risico op E-cigarette of Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI).

Literatuur
1.  Overbeek DL, Kass AP, Chiel LE, Boyer EW, Casey AMH. A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes/vaping in adolescents and young adults. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020;50(6):1–8.
2.  Gotti C, Clementi F. CYTISINE AND CYTISINE DERIVATIVES. MORE THAN SMOKING CESSATION AIDS. Pharmacol Res. 2021;170:105700.
3.  Wang TW, Gentzke AS, Neff LJ, Glidden EV, Jamal A, Park-Lee E, et al. Disposable E-Cigarette Use among U.S. Youth — An Emerging Public Health Challenge. New Engl J Med. 2021;384(16):1573–6.
4.  Mahajan SD, Homish GG, Quisenberry A. Multifactorial Etiology of Adolescent Nicotine Addiction: A Review of the Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction and Its Implications for Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy. Frontiers Public Heal. 2021;9:664748.

5. NHG standaard stoppen met roken, https://richtlijnen.nhg.org/behandelrichtlijnen/stoppen-met-roken, geraadpleegd op 30-10-2021.

6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans

What does inflammation look like and how does it manifest in the brain? The term hypoglycemia is thrown around a lot, but what does it actually mean to be hypoglycemic? Dr. Stephanie and Dr. Datis Kharrazian explore the ins and outs of brain sensitivity, excess insulin, how exercise affects our blood sugar, and the effects of testosterone in both men and women. Tune in to get expert tips on how to build a healthy brain.

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And follow me on social:

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Episode Overview: 

• 7:25 Introduction
• 10:30 Welcoming Datis
• 11:29 What Inflammation Is & How It Manifests In The Brain
• 14:10 Activation Of Microglia
• 18:00 Hypoglycemic
• 22:03 Brain Sensitivity To Excess Insulin
• 27:00 Blood-Brain Barrier
• 30:38 Flavonoids & Fasting Insulin Rehabilitation
• 36:11 Exercise And Blood Sugar Control
• 38:50 Circadian Biology and Lack Of Sleep
• 44:00 Stress
• 47:37 Hormones & Low Testosterone In Men
• 53:00 Impact On Testosterone On The Brain In Men
• 56:20 Testosterone In Women
• 1:00:00 Menopause & Perimenopause
• 1:06:00 Adrenals & Healthy Diet
• 1:10:43 How To Build A Healthy Brain
• 1:12:30 The Role Of Oxygen In The Brain
• 1:18:39 Omega 3 Fatty Acids

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Het microbioom bevat alle bacteriën in onze darmen. Deze bacteriën hebben een hele nuttige functie, ze maken bepaalde vitamines aan, ze produceren nuttige stoffen, ze produceren neurotransmitters, ze helpen met de vertering van ons voedsel en ze helpen met het in stand houden van de barrière van het maagdarm kanaal en hebben ook invloed op ons immuun systeem. Het maagdarm kanaal kan ook communiceren met de hersenen en kan daar zowel een positieve (in de gezonde situatie) als negatieve invloeden uitoefenen (zoals bij depressie). In deze apothekerspodcast wordt uitgelegd hoe men denkt dat veranderingen in het microbioom kunnen leiden tot depressie.

Geraadpleegde literatuur
1.  Du Y, Gao X-R, Peng L, Ge J-F. Crosstalk between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and depression. Heliyon. 2020;6(6):e04097.
2.  Capuco A, Urits I, Hasoon J, Chun R, Gerald B, Wang JK, et al. Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Depression: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache R. 2020;24(7):36.
3.  Carlessi AS, Borba LA, Zugno AI, Quevedo J, Réus GZ. Gut microbiota–brain axis in depression: The role of neuroinflammation. Eur J Neurosci. 2021;53(1):222–35.
4.  Belmaker RH, Agam G. Major Depressive Disorder. New Engl J Medicine. 2008;358(1):55–68.
5.  Łoniewski I, Misera A, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kaczmarczyk M, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Misiak B, et al. Major Depressive Disorder and gut microbiota – Association not causation. A scoping review. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacology Biological Psychiatry. 2020;106:110111.
6.  Li Z, Ruan M, Chen J, Fang Y. Major Depressive Disorder: Advances in Neuroscience Research and Translational Applications. Neurosci Bull. 2021;1–18.
7.  Jia X, Gao Z, Hu H. Microglia in depression: current perspectives. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;1–15.
8.  Liang S, Wu X, Hu X, Wang T, Jin F. Recognizing Depression from the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(6):1592.
9.  Ren F, Guo R. Synaptic Microenvironment in Depressive Disorder: Insights from Synaptic Plasticity. Neuropsych Dis Treat. 2021;Volume 17:157–65.
10.  Petralia MC, Mazzon E, Fagone P, Basile MS, Lenzo V, Quattropani MC, et al. The cytokine network in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Close to translation? Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(5):102504.
11.  Rudzki L, Maes M. The Microbiota-Gut-Immune-Glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression. Mol Neurobiol. 2020;57(10):4269–95.

In this episode, Courtney takes you through the papers from 2021 on the role of Immune systems and glial cells in Alzheimer's disease pathology. The papers relate to neuroimaging, astrocytes, microglia, and  broader inflammatory topics and pathways. Be sure to tune in for this exciting episode!  

Sections in this episode:  

Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's disease (2:01)  

Methods of studying inflammation (5:40)  

LPS-induced inflammation (7:59)  

Astrocytes (11:40)  

Microglia Neuropathology (15:27)  

Molecular mechanisms of Microglia (20:22)  

Gut inflammation and the brain (30:25)  

Inflammation in general (33:41)  

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To access the folder with the bibliographies for the month of January, follow this link (it will be updated as we publish episodes and process bibliographies), or click the following link below:

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You can also join our mailing list to receive a newsletter once per month by filling this form. 

Or tweet at us: @AMiNDR_podcast  

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Every episode of AMiNDR is the result of a huge team effort. Today's episode was scripted and hosted by Courtney Kloske, reviewed by Elyn Rowe, and edited by Ellen Koch.   The bibliography and wordcloud were made by Sarah Louadi (www.wordart.com).  Big thanks to Elyn Rowe, Jacques Ferreira and the rest of the sorting team for sorting all the papers published in January into themes for our episodes, to our managers Sarah Louadi and Ellen Koch for keeping everything running smoothly, and props to the whole team that works very hard behind the scenes to make all this possible. 

Our music is from "Journey of a Neurotransmitter" by musician and fellow neuroscientist Anusha Kamesh; you can find the original piece and her other music on soundcloud under Anusha Kamesh or on her YouTube channel, AKMusic.   

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMH7chrAdtCUZuGia16FR4w   

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If you are interested in joining the team, send us your CV by email. We are specifically looking for help with abstract summary and podcast editing. However, if you are interested in helping in other ways, don't hesitate to apply anyways.  

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*About AMiNDR: *  

Learn more about this project and the team behind it by listening to our first episode: "Welcome to AMiNDR!" 

Heather covers papers from August 2020 on the role of neuroinflammation and glial cells on Alzheimer's disease pathology. You'll hear about many papers studying the role of astrocytes and microglia in AD pathology, including how they interact with cell signalling pathways and AD-associated proteins such as amyloid and tau. She ends with a couple papers that aim to understand and/or model neuroinflammation in this disease. We hope you enjoy this episode of AMiNDR! 

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To receive the list of papers covered, please fill this form:  

-------->  https://forms.gle/CVVbznAFM8pamdgk6  -------  

or by tweeting at us: @AMiNDR_podcast  

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We would appreciate your feedback so we can better cater to your needs.  

You can fill our feedback form here  

---------->  https://forms.gle/5aq2JyrT6g4P1m8v6 

You can also share your thoughts and suggestions by contacting us:  

Email: amindrpodcast@gmail.com  

Facebook:  AMiNDR  

Twitter: @AMiNDR_podcast

Instagram: @AMiNDR.podcast

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Today's episode was scripted & hosted by Heather Gerrie, edited by Alexandra Pavel,  and made possible by an entire team of volunteers behind the scenes.  

Our music is from "Journey of a Neurotransmitter" by musician and fellow neuroscientist Anusha Kamesh; you can find the original piece and her other music on soundcloud under Anusha Kamesh or on her YouTube channel, AKMusic.  

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMH7chrAdtCUZuGia16FR4w  

------------------------------------------------------------------ 

If you are interested in joining the team, send us your CV by email. We are specifically looking for help with abstract summary and podcast editing. However, if you are interested in helping in other ways, don't hesitate to apply anyways.  

------------------------------------------------------------------ 

*About AMiNDR: *  

Learn more about this project and the team behind it by listening to our first episode: "Welcome to AMiNDR!"