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    #199 - Running, overcoming challenges, and finding success | Ryan Hall

    enMarch 14, 2022

    Podcast Summary

    • The Power of Resilience and Optimism in Overcoming AdversityDespite injuries and low testosterone levels, Ryan Hall remained optimistic and continued to push himself, inspiring others to do the same in their own lives. His resilience led him to numerous athletic accomplishments and a successful coaching career.

      Resilience and optimism, even in the face of adversity and low points, are key to achieving success. This was evident in the life and career of Ryan Hall, a retired American long-distance runner and current coach. Hall holds numerous records in long-distance running, including the US record in the half marathon and American record in the marathon. Despite his impressive athletic accomplishments, Hall faced numerous injuries and low testosterone levels during his running career, which led to his retirement in 2016. Today, Hall coaches runners of all levels and has transformed his body through extreme strength training. His testosterone levels have significantly increased, placing him in the 90th percentile. This interview not only provided insights into Hall's running career but also highlighted his remarkable mindset and ability to bounce back from setbacks. Despite the challenges he faced, Hall remained optimistic and continued to push himself, inspiring listeners to do the same in their own lives.

    • Living and Training at High Altitude During Formative YearsGrowing up at high altitude during teenage years can significantly contribute to cardiovascular development and later athletic success.

      Growing up at high altitude during the formative years can significantly contribute to a person's cardiovascular development and later athletic success. The speaker, who grew up in Big Bear, California, and trained at altitude before it was scientifically proven to be beneficial, shares his experience of living and training at high altitude and the advantages it brought him. He emphasizes the importance of pushing the cardiovascular system hard during teenage years and how it can impact one's fitness level later in life. He also mentions the potential benefits of being born at altitude and how it can impact an individual's cardio development over time.

    • Living and Training at High Altitude: Impact on PerformanceLiving and training at high altitude can enhance cardio and anaerobic peak, but individual responses vary. Optimal results come from living high and training low.

      Living and training at high altitude can significantly impact an athlete's performance, particularly in terms of cardio and anaerobic peak. The speaker shared his personal experience growing up at altitude and how it influenced his running abilities compared to his friend's who grew up at sea level. He also discussed the importance of living high and training low for optimal results, which was not as clear 20 years ago as it is today. The speaker mentioned how altitude affects everyone differently, and the more time spent at altitude, the better the body adapts. His wife, a professional marathon runner, also experienced significant improvements in her fitness when training at high altitude. However, it's essential to keep experimenting and adapting as the body's needs and capabilities change.

    • Experimenting with new techniques for progressive overloadStay adaptable and persistent in fitness, try new techniques for progressive overload like blood flow restriction training, and don't get too comfortable with the same routine to avoid plateaus.

      Progressively overloading is crucial for growth in fitness, whether it's lifting weights or running. However, it can be challenging to find new ways to progressively overload, especially for those who are self-coached. The speaker shared his experience of experimenting with different techniques, such as blood flow restriction training, to continue seeing growth and avoid plateaus. He also emphasized the importance of being open to trying new things and not getting too comfortable with the same routine. The speaker's own story of injury and learning from it highlights the importance of staying adaptable and persistent in one's fitness journey.

    • Mentally preparing for competition is crucialEncourage others to shift mindset when caught off guard, appreciate mental and physical demands of elite running, and learn from athletes like Meb Keflezighi who overcome adversity to win major races

      Being mentally prepared for any situation is crucial in competition. The speaker shared an experience from a race where he was caught off guard and found himself far behind. He had to encourage other competitors to help shift his mindset and find his rhythm to finish 10th. Meb Keflezighi, a fellow runner, also faced injuries and adversity but came back to win major races like Boston Marathon. The speakers' training sessions at Fiesta Island showcased their impressive speed, with marathon pace around 4.42-4.48 minutes per kilometer, which is incredibly fast and challenging for most people to maintain for even a short distance. The experience of training and competing with Meb added to the speaker's appreciation for the mental and physical demands of elite running.

    • Focus on building speed and power for marathon successMarathon runners should prioritize power and speed training to maintain a high race pace and stay competitive.

      Achieving marathon success requires a deep understanding of the demands of the race and the importance of speed. The marathon may be a long-distance event, but winning it feels like sprinting. To prepare for this level of intensity, distance runners need to focus on building speed and power through training, even if it's not the primary focus during marathon preparation. This emphasis on power and speed is crucial for maintaining a high race pace and staying competitive. Additionally, strength training, particularly exercises with a high power-to-weight ratio, can significantly benefit marathon runners by improving their overall performance.

    • Focus on increasing ground force instead of pulling yourselfImprove running performance by increasing ground force with strength training, specifically targeting glutes and hamstrings, and focusing on mid-foot contact.

      Running performance can be significantly improved by focusing on increasing the force applied to the ground, rather than just trying to pull it behind you. This concept was illustrated by the case of Medardo Rosas, who needed to increase his stride length to run at his desired pace in the Boston Marathon. He achieved this by increasing his maximal force per unit body weight from 1.3 to 2.7, which translated to an additional four inches of stride length. This was done through strength training, specifically targeting the glutes and hamstrings. This shift in understanding has become more common in running circles, with a greater emphasis on strength training. Sprinters, such as Usain Bolt, who can put six times their body weight into the ground with each foot strike, serve as an inspiration. To apply this principle, runners should focus on stomping the ground with mid-foot contact, rather than rolling from heel to toe. The use of tools like the G-Flight device, which measures vertical jump height and ground contact time, can help monitor progress in this area.

    • The Debate on Optimal Running Technique: Forefoot vs Heel StrikingWhile forefoot striking is commonly believed to be the most efficient technique, some successful runners, like Jim Ryan and Obdi Ritzenheim, have proven that being a heel striker doesn't hinder their performance. The debate continues on the potential advantages and disadvantages of each method.

      Optimal running technique involves minimizing ground contact time and focusing on efficient force transfer, ideally through forefoot or toe striking. However, some successful runners, like Jim Ryan and Obdi Ritzenheim, have defied this conventional wisdom by being heel strikers. The debate continues on whether they could run even faster if they changed their striking style or if there are advantages to their current method that we're not fully aware of. The speaker's personal goal is to prioritize what is optimal, not just what can be gotten away with, as seen in his own running journey that began with a painful 15-mile run around a lake at age 13. This experience drastically changed his life and set him on a path to becoming the first American to break an hour in the Houston Marathon.

    • Managing pain and discomfort in running and professional situationsFocus on the present moment and use various tactics to manage pain and discomfort to succeed in long-distance running and professional challenges

      Enduring pain and discomfort, whether it's in long-distance running or in professional situations, and managing the thoughts in your head are crucial for success. The speaker shares his personal experience of pushing through the pain of running, and how he learned to turn his mind off and focus on the present moment. He emphasizes the importance of having various tactics to manage pain and discomfort, and the danger of being overwhelmed by the scope of the challenge. The speaker also reflects on his experience swimming long distances and how lifting his head to look at the shore too early could lead to disaster. He concludes by encouraging bringing oneself back to the present moment and handling each moment as it comes, as outlined in his book "Run the Mile You're In."

    • Staying focused during physical activitiesMental fortitude and reframing negative thoughts are essential for success in challenging physical activities, despite external distractions and personal doubts.

      Maintaining focus and staying present during challenging physical activities is crucial for success. The speaker shared an experience of swimming in Lake Tahoe where he nearly gave up due to a miscommunication about the distance and his own mental distractions. He also mentioned how runners face additional mental challenges due to external factors like crowds and helicopters. The speaker emphasized the importance of finding excitement in the moment and reframing negative thoughts to push through difficult situations. He provided an example of a challenging physical event, the "Chop Wood Carry Water" challenge, where he had to carry heavy water jugs up a steep hill and found himself struggling with negative thoughts and the need to reframe his mindset. Overall, the discussion highlights the importance of mental fortitude and focus in achieving physical goals.

    • Reframing Perspective in Challenging SituationsChanging how we think about difficult experiences can turn them into opportunities for growth and achievement. Pushing through discomfort and staying focused on the reward can lead to success.

      Changing one's perspective can transform a challenging experience into a beautiful and life-changing one. The speaker shares his experience of reframing his thoughts during a grueling canyon swim, which allowed him to embrace the situation and ultimately finish the race. This mindset shift is crucial in endurance events and in life in general when things don't go as planned. The speaker also shares his coaching experience, where he encourages swimmers to push through their desire to quit and reminds them of the reward that comes from finishing. The physical challenge of the canyon swim was compared to running a marathon, but the intensity of the breathing required made it even more demanding. The speaker drank water throughout the swim but did not have an exact volume to share.

    • Consistency in training is key to achieving fitness goalsConsistency in training, proper fueling, and experimentation are crucial for endurance events success.

      Consistency in training, whether it's running or weightlifting, plays a crucial role in achieving fitness goals. The speaker, who completed a grueling six-hour carry out of a canyon, emphasized the importance of being consistent with his 20-minute carries as part of his training regimen. He also highlighted the significance of proper fueling and experimentation to avoid making costly mistakes during endurance events. A notable example he shared was his experience with Emodium during a long swim training session, which resulted in severe bloating and dehydration. The speaker's experience underscores the importance of being deliberate and empirical when it comes to fueling and training for endurance events.

    • Optimizing Nutrition and Hydration for Endurance ActivitiesTrain gut with new foods, load up on carbs before race, try new supplements during training, use liquids for energy, front-load carbs, experiment with caffeine for performance boost

      Proper nutrition and hydration are crucial for optimal performance during endurance activities like marathons. The runner in this conversation shared their experience of training the gut to take in new foods and loading up on carbohydrates before the race, keeping it simple and easy to digest. They emphasized the importance of trying new foods and supplements during training rather than race day. The use of liquids, such as maltodextrin shakes and gels, was also highlighted for their ease of consumption and energy boost. Additionally, the timing and concentration of carbohydrate intake during the race were discussed, with the suggestion to front-load carbs and use caffeine strategically for an extra energy boost. The runner also mentioned their personal experience of relying on caffeine for improved performance, despite its potential drawbacks, and encouraged experimentation to find what works best for each individual.

    • Tylenol and Viagra may enhance endurance performanceTylenol might offer a small performance boost during endurance activities, while Viagra could improve muscular endurance in lifting. Palmer cooling is another potential method for enhancing endurance performance.

      Tylenol, a commonly used over-the-counter medication, may provide a small performance enhancement during endurance activities, potentially through temperature reduction and pain relief. The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but some athletes, including the speaker, have reported improvements of up to 3% in performance. The speaker plans to experiment with this for his own athletes and is curious about its potential application to lifting. Another intriguing finding is that Viagra, a medication commonly known for its effects on erectile dysfunction, may improve muscular endurance in submaximal lifting efforts. However, the speaker personally couldn't tolerate the side effects. The use of Palmer cooling, which involves dumping heat from the body through the face, hands, and feet, is another emerging area of research for enhancing performance, particularly in endurance sports. The speaker and his team have been experimenting with this technique.

    • Optimal body temperature enhances endurance and performanceRegulating body temperature can significantly improve athletic performance, especially in hot conditions. Cooling technology like vests can be effective but may have practical challenges.

      Maintaining an optimal body temperature can significantly enhance endurance and performance. The human body is better at regulating temperature compared to animals, which can give us an edge during physical activities. This was personally experienced by the speaker through the use of a cooling helmet and later, a cooling vest while racing. The vest, which uses cold water circulation, proved to be a game-changer in terms of performance and focus, especially in hot conditions. However, implementing such cooling technology in running may present challenges due to weight and practicality. Nevertheless, the importance of temperature regulation in athletic performance cannot be overlooked.

    • Enhancing Performance with Cold Therapy during TrainingCold therapy during training can boost performance, creatively apply it during running with cold handles or gloves, and determination leads to success despite academic or athletic struggles.

      Utilizing cold therapy during training, whether through cold water or cold packs, can enhance performance. However, applying it during running requires creativity. Ideas include cold handles on bikes or lightweight cold gloves. The speaker's experience at Stanford, despite initial reservations due to academic challenges, ultimately led to success in running. Academic and athletic struggles gave way to a breakthrough fourth year, resulting in NCAA wins and professional opportunities. Even when faced with setbacks, the determination to push through and the belief that "it's just you and the clock" can lead to remarkable achievements.

    • Mental and emotional well-being matter for athletes' successBalanced approach to training and personal growth is essential for athletes to reach their full potential

      Focusing solely on training and performance may not be enough for athletes to reach their full potential. Mental and emotional well-being are equally important. The speaker shares his personal experience of struggling with depression despite being in a similar situation as a highly talented runner, Alan Webb. He learned that addressing his inner struggles was crucial to his success. Although Webb was incredibly talented and dedicated, he also experienced highs and lows, and at times, overworked himself. The speaker emphasizes the importance of a balanced approach to training and personal growth.

    • Loving ourselves unconditionallyLearning to love ourselves beyond our performances can lead to better handling of failures and rejections, and a more fulfilling and successful career.

      Our identity should not be tied to our performances. The speaker shares how they struggled with depression due to their self-worth being based on running, leading to added pressure and stress during training and races. They learned to love themselves unconditionally, like how God loves us, and this shift in mindset helped them handle failures and rejections better. It also allowed them to work with their teammates instead of constantly trying to outperform them. This internal change took years to fully develop but ultimately led to a more fulfilling and successful career.

    • Effective communication in running groupsClear communication can prevent tension and improve group dynamics, while being open to new challenges can lead to growth and improved performance.

      Effective communication within a running group can significantly improve the dynamics and make everyone more comfortable, leading to better performance. This was a valuable lesson learned by the speaker, a professional runner, when he started working with teammates who initially weren't fans of his training style. He discovered that simply communicating his intentions before working out could prevent unnecessary tension and help everyone work together. Additionally, the speaker shared his personal journey from focusing on shorter distances to experimenting with longer races, such as the marathon. He realized that his limited speed in the 5K was hindering his potential, and opening himself up to longer distances led to new opportunities and growth. Ultimately, the importance of communication and adaptability in running, as well as in life, was a key takeaway from the speaker's experiences.

    • Unexpectedly breaking American record at Houston Half MarathonMental preparation, confidence, and past achievements play crucial roles in athletic performance.

      During the Houston Half Marathon in 2007, before the Olympics, Kara Goucher unexpectedly broke the American record by over a minute, running a time of 1:03:58. This race stood out as her best performance, leaving her feeling elated yet haunted as she could never replicate that experience. At the start line, she had written down different time goals on her hand and was confident due to her excellent training. The race felt effortless, with each mile coming in faster than planned. However, she held back to ensure a successful finish, knowing she was alone in the race. Despite the challenges of maintaining her speed in longer races, she now emphasizes the importance of focusing on 5K speed due to her past success. This experience highlights the significance of mental preparation, confidence, and the power of past achievements in athletic performance.

    • Experiencing emotional empowerment during long-distance racesLong-distance races can be emotionally transformative, bringing feelings of accomplishment, teamwork, and purpose, but also a fleeting sense of triumph and sadness.

      The feeling of ease and accomplishment during a race can be deeply emotional and empowering, especially when it comes to achieving long-term goals. Distance running, in particular, can be a transformative experience, as Ryan Hall discovered when he broke the American record in the half marathon at the Houston Marathon. The sense of teamwork and support from loved ones and coaches added to the emotional charge of the moment, propelling him into the ranks of elite marathon runners and giving him a newfound sense of purpose and expectation. However, the brutal nature of the sport also brings with it the understanding that the stage of competition has a short half-life, and the feeling of triumph can be fleeting, leaving a tinge of sadness behind.

    • Accepting the end of peak performanceEmbrace the impermanence of life and enjoy the present moment during the end of athletic careers, finding new ways to grow and express oneself.

      Recognizing the fleeting nature of peak performance and enjoying the process can help athletes deal with the end of their careers. While it may be difficult to accept that one's best days are numbered, acknowledging this reality can bring clarity and appreciation for the present moment. It's essential to savor every second of the experience and find new ways to express oneself and continue personal growth after retiring from sports. The beauty of life lies in its impermanence, and embracing this perspective can bring joy and gratitude even during challenging times.

    • Athlete's focus on spiritual growth and new training methodsAn athlete's journey to self-coaching, emphasizing spiritual growth and experimenting with new training methods, led to improved performance and fulfillment beyond athletics.

      Finding ways to express ourselves and stay true to who we are is essential for personal growth and happiness. This was evident in the athlete's journey from competing in the Beijing Olympics to his experience in the Boston Marathon in 2011. In 2010, he left the Mammoth Track Club and became self-coached, focusing on his spiritual growth and experimenting with new training methods. His training regimen included interval sessions with shorter distance repeats and minimal static stretching. The athlete emphasized the importance of keeping some tension in the legs for optimal performance. This mindset shift allowed him to continue challenging himself physically and finding fulfillment beyond his athletic career.

    • Balancing workouts and recovery for long-distance runningEffective long-distance running training includes warm-ups, 5K/10K workouts, rest periods, cool downs, hard leg sessions, and prioritizing sleep for recovery.

      Effective training for long-distance running involves a balance of various types of workouts and proper recovery. Warm-up drills and strides should be done before workouts, which may include 5K or 10K specific workouts like six-by-miles or 200-meter intervals. Rest periods between sets should be between 90 seconds and two minutes, and can include walking or jogging. Cool downs consist of a main set followed by a 20-minute easy run and a 20-minute ice bath. It's important to note that hard leg sessions should be done in the afternoon, following a morning hard run, to maximize the benefits of weight lifting. Elite runners prioritize rest and recovery, aiming for around 10 hours of sleep per day, including naps. Overall, training effectively for long-distance running requires careful planning, dedication, and a focus on both intense workouts and proper recovery.

    • Athletes push their bodies to extreme limits for peak performanceAthlete's dedication to peak performance can involve extreme measures, but can also impact their health negatively.

      Athletes, whether they be runners or cyclists, often push their bodies to extreme limits in pursuit of peak performance. For runners like the Jamaican sprinters mentioned, this might mean conserving energy and working hard during training, while for cyclists, it could mean deliberate calorie restriction and focusing on the metric of watts per kilo. However, these extreme measures can come at a cost to an athlete's health, as seen in the example of a runner who experienced clinically low testosterone levels and struggled to maintain a race weight that was significantly lower than their natural body weight. While these methods may not be ideal or sustainable for all athletes, the dedication and intensity shown by these individuals highlights the lengths some are willing to go to achieve athletic success.

    • Understanding body and optimal running weightVarying training intensity and incorporating easy and hard workouts optimizes performance and longevity. Manipulating caffeine intake can also enhance training.

      Understanding your body and its natural state is crucial for effective and healthy running. For some, maintaining a lighter weight may come easily and be beneficial for performance. However, for others, it may require effort and could potentially be detrimental to health if pushed too far. Training consistently in a specific zone, neither too easy nor too hard, can limit progress and longevity. To optimize performance and longevity, it's essential to incorporate both easy and hard workouts, allowing the body to adapt and recover. This concept isn't new, but many runners overlook the importance of varying their training intensity and ensuring they're not stuck in a "garbage zone" of training. By following this approach, runners can build a solid aerobic foundation and push their limits, ultimately leading to improved performance and longevity. Additionally, manipulating factors like caffeine intake can help optimize training by having more caffeine before hard workouts and less on easy days.

    • Balancing high-quality workouts and recovery in marathon trainingIndividual response to training and nutrition varies, emphasize threshold runs for endurance and mental preparation during long runs, find the right balance of intensity and recovery for each person.

      Effective training for endurance events like marathons involves a balance of high-quality workouts and proper recovery. The speaker discussed his experience with caffeine sensitivity and how everyone's response to training and nutrition is unique. He emphasized the importance of threshold runs, which are workouts at a pace slightly faster than race pace for shorter distances. These workouts help build endurance and indicate marathon pace. The speaker also mentioned the importance of mental preparation during long runs, practicing mental cues to push through fatigue. In his training leading up to the 2011 Boston Marathon, he adjusted his schedule to include more recovery days and higher quality workouts, such as 20 x 1000m at a faster-than-marathon pace. Overall, the key to successful marathon training is finding the right balance of intensity and recovery for each individual.

    • Dealing with setbacks in runningSetbacks and failures in running can lead to unexpected improvements if approached with the right mindset and proper training methods

      Setbacks and failures are a natural part of the training process, and they can often lead to unexpected improvements if approached with the right mindset. The speaker shared his personal experience of dealing with injuries and disappointing race performances, but he emphasized that these setbacks ultimately helped him grow as a runner and as a coach. He also discussed the importance of proper training methods, such as altitude training and cross-training, in overcoming challenges and achieving success. Despite the occasional setbacks, the speaker remained persistent and continued to push himself, ultimately leading to breakthroughs and personal bests.

    • Runner's mental focus and determination during a marathonMental preparation and staying focused on race day conditions are crucial for a successful marathon. Doubts from past performances can be overcome with motivation and determination, even in challenging conditions.

      Preparing for a marathon involves training consistently and mentally staying focused on the race day conditions. The runner in this discussion shared his experience of feeling great before a race but having doubts due to a previous poor performance. He found motivation in the promise of a tailwind and pushed himself to the limit, leading the pack and making the most of the favorable conditions. The significance of hematocrit levels and their variation at different elevations was mentioned but not elaborated upon. Overall, the runner's mindset and determination played a crucial role in his strong performance, despite the challenges of the course.

    • Focusing on personal growth and potentialEmbrace challenges, optimize abilities, and find joy in growth, rather than comparing oneself to others.

      Pushing through challenges and focusing on personal growth and potential, rather than comparing oneself to others, can lead to remarkable experiences and achievements. The speaker's story of running the Boston Marathon illustrates this, as he chose to give his all in the last mile and break his personal record, even when faced with the temptation to relax and enjoy the moment. Similarly, in his lifting journey, he values optimizing his own abilities over comparing himself to others who can lift more. Despite setbacks and failures, such as in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the speaker remains determined to learn and grow, finding joy in the process. Going into London, he aims to apply these lessons and trust in his abilities, rather than external expectations.

    • Believing in potential vs self-careBelieve in race potential but prioritize self-care for long-term health. Allow sadness post-race for healing.

      Sometimes, stepping away from data and relying on feelings can be beneficial for mental health during training. However, it may not be enough to get the body back to optimal condition. At the start line, maintaining hope and believing in the potential for a good race can be helpful. But, if injuries arise, prioritizing self-care and making the tough decision to withdraw from a race can be necessary for long-term health. Post-race, allowing oneself to experience sadness and mourn the loss can be an essential part of the healing process. Ultimately, it's crucial to find a balance between pushing through challenges and being kind to oneself.

    • The power of belief in trainingBelief in training is crucial, but don't neglect nutrition and rest to avoid injuries and setbacks.

      Having a strong belief in your training and making necessary adjustments can help restore hope and prevent repeating past mistakes. Belief in a coach or oneself plays a crucial role in achieving success. However, neglecting other important aspects like nutrition and taking time off from training can lead to injuries and setbacks. Looking back, the speaker realizes that poor nutrition and lack of rest were significant factors in his string of injuries from 2012 to 2016. If he could go back, he would have taken a break from running to let his body fully recover. Now, focusing on lifting and proper nutrition has allowed him to restore his body and feel better than ever. It's essential to listen to your body and give it the care it needs to perform at its best.

    • The importance of strength training for aging adultsStrength training, including methods like Blood Flow Restriction (BFR), is vital for maintaining hormonal and bone health as we age, even for those who prefer non-traditional lifting methods.

      While cardio exercises like running are essential for overall health and fitness, incorporating strength training, especially as we age, is crucial for maintaining hormonal and bone health. The speaker's personal experience of running at different weights and trying out strength training methods like Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) has shown that these methods can provide similar benefits to heavy lifting without the risk of injury for those who are averse to traditional weightlifting. The speaker emphasizes that there are ways to lift heavy in a healthy and running-specific manner, and BFR can be an alternative for those who don't have access to heavy weights. The benefits of lifting heavy, such as hormonal and bone health improvements, outweigh the potential risks when done correctly.

    • Blood Flow Restriction training vs Running and PEDs in RunningBlood Flow Restriction training may not be ideal for running due to form issues and lighter weights. Running success doesn't rely heavily on PEDs like in cycling, and East African runners' achievements result from genetics, environment, training, and unique culture.

      Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) training, while effective in strength training, may not be suitable for running due to the inability to maintain proper form or go as heavy as usual. Regarding performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in running, the culture of the sport seems to differ significantly from cycling. Many top runners have achieved success without using PEDs, making it less necessary or desirable for athletes to engage in their use. The prevalence of PEDs in running is relatively low compared to sports like cycling, and the most commonly used drugs are EPO and various gray area substances. The Alberto Salazar controversy involved allegations of using banned substances, but the extent of his involvement and the specifics of the case are not well-known by the speaker. In Ethiopia and Kenya, where many successful distance runners come from, the use of PEDs is more prevalent, but it's essential to note that not all athletes from these countries use PEDs. The factors contributing to the success of East African runners are a combination of genetics, environment, and training, with the unique running culture and mindset playing significant roles.

    • Genetics and mindset fuel Kenyan and Ethiopian distance running successKenyan and Ethiopian runners' small bone structure and motivated mindset contribute to their dominance in long-distance running. Humility, simple lifestyle, and controlled training also play key roles for individual runners like Kipchoge.

      The athletic greatness of Kenyan and Ethiopian distance runners can be attributed to a combination of genetic predisposition and mental attitude. The small bone structure and highly motivated mindset of these runners create a "perfect storm" for success in long-distance running. Kipchoge, specifically, stands out for his humility, simple lifestyle, and controlled training approach. Despite his immense success and wealth, he maintains a humble mentality that allows him to continue pushing himself to new limits. The future of marathon running may see even more impressive feats as technology, such as advanced running shoes, continues to evolve. Overall, the unique combination of genetics, mindset, and environment in Kenya and Ethiopia creates a population of runners unlike any other in the world.

    • Impact of technology on athletic achievementsTechnological advancements in running shoes have made sub-2 hour marathons and sub-62 minute half-marathons achievable, while mental determination pushes athletes to overcome challenges and complete grueling feats

      Technological advancements, such as running shoes, can significantly impact athletes' performance and mental beliefs about what is possible. This was highlighted in the discussion about how the use of advanced running shoes has led to sub-two hour marathons and sub-62 minute half-marathons becoming achievable goals. Additionally, the speaker shared his experience of running seven marathons in seven days on seven continents without proper training, which showcased the mental and physical challenges athletes can face when pushing their limits. Despite the lack of preparation, the speaker enjoyed the experience and the unique challenges each marathon presented, even if it meant consuming large amounts of candy during the races to maintain energy. Overall, the conversation emphasized the profound impact of technology and mental determination on athletic achievements.

    • Running marathons in extreme conditionsRunning marathons in extreme conditions requires mental engagement and preparation for each race, as weather, terrain, and personal health can all present unique challenges.

      Running a marathon in extreme conditions, such as snow in Antarctica or heat in Dubai, can present unique challenges for runners. The speaker shared their personal experience of running seven marathons on seven continents, starting with Antarctica where they ran a 330-something time, feeling better immediately afterwards and learning their lesson. They then moved on to Chile, South America, where they ran a slightly faster time due to the warmer weather and softer surface. The speaker faced challenges in Miami and Spain, but felt great in Morocco, despite feeling poorly the day before. However, they developed hip pain in Dubai and had to walk the second half of the marathon. In Sydney, Australia, they experienced severe pain upon landing due to their injured hip. Overall, the speaker emphasized the unpredictability of running and the importance of mental engagement and preparation for each race.

    • The unique journey of running: growth and communityRunning brings people together, offers personal growth, and creates lasting memories and connections.

      Running, no matter the level, brings people together and leaves a lasting impact on their lives. The speaker, a professional runner, shared her experience of participating in a seven-day marathon series. She discussed the importance of preparation, the challenges faced during the race, and the emotional moment of saying goodbye to the sport. Despite the physical pain and setbacks, she cherished the memories and the connections made with others. The experience was not just about her personal achievement but also about sharing the lessons learned with others. The speaker emphasized that running, whether a hobby or a profession, offers a unique journey filled with growth and community.

    • Sharing experiences and knowledgeThrough sharing personal experiences, we can help and guide others, leading to joy and happiness in their lives. Embrace the process of growth and self-improvement, and find value in community and knowledge sharing.

      Sharing experiences, even those filled with mistakes, can lead to helping and guiding others on their journeys. Peter's personal experiences with running and lifting have led him to a coaching career, where his ultimate goal is to help people find joy and happiness in their lives. He values the process of growth and self-improvement, whether it's through running, lifting, or other pursuits. Peter emphasizes the importance of finding joy and happiness in the journey, rather than just focusing on the end result. He also believes in the power of community and the value of sharing knowledge and experiences with others. Peter's podcast, The Drive, aims to provide in-depth and exclusive content to its members, creating a supportive and engaged community. Overall, Peter's message is one of growth, joy, and the power of community.

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    In this special episode, Peter addresses the common questions about starting or returning to an exercise routine over the age of 50. Individuals in this age group have frequently reached out with questions about whether it's too late to start exercising and often express concern over a lack of prior training, a fear of injury, or uncertainty about where to begin. Peter delves into the importance of fitness for older adults, examining all four pillars of exercise, and provides practical advice on how to start exercising safely, minimize injury risk, and maximize potential benefits. Although this conversation focuses on people in the “older” age category, it also applies to anyone of any age who is deconditioned and looking to ease into regular exercise.

    We discuss:

    • Key points about starting exercise as an older adult [2:45];
    • Why it’s never too late to begin exercising and incorporating the four pillars of exercise [5:45];
    • The gradual, then sharp, decline in muscle mass and activity level that occur with age [10:00];
    • The decline of VO2 max that occurs with age [15:30];
    • Starting a training program: exercise variability, movement quality, realistic goals, and more [18:30];
    • Improving aerobic capacity: the malleability of the system, the importance of consistency, and setting long-term fitness goals [25:15];
    • Starting cardio training: base building, starting with low volume, and zone 2 training [30:45];
    • The critical role of VO2 max in longevity [36:45];
    • How to introduce VO2 max training to older or deconditioned individuals [46:15];
    • Options for performing zone 2 and VO2 max training [53:45];
    • The ability to make gains in strength and muscle mass as we age [57:00];
    • How to implement strength training for older individuals [1:01:00];
    • Advice for avoiding injury when strength training [1:07:30];
    • Risk of falls: the devastating consequences and the factors that increase fall risk [1:12:15];
    • Mitigating fall risk: the importance of foot and lower leg strength, ankle mobility, and balance [1:19:45];
    • Improving bone mineral density through resistance training [1:24:30];
    • The importance of protein in stimulating muscle protein synthesis, especially in older adults [1:31:00];
    • Parting advice from Peter [1:34:00]; and
    • More.

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    The Peter Attia Drive
    enJune 24, 2024

    #306 - AMA #60: preventing cognitive decline, nutrition myths, lowering blood glucose, apoB, and blood pressure, and more

    #306 - AMA #60: preventing cognitive decline, nutrition myths, lowering blood glucose, apoB, and blood pressure, and more

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    In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter provides insights on a broad range of important topics. He delves into the prevention of cognitive decline, the link between cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease, and methods to lower blood glucose, insulin, and apoB. He also addresses nutrition-related queries, exploring the impact of dietary habits on weight loss and longevity, how a person can identify the best diet for themselves, and common nutrition myths. Additional discussions include optimal blood pressure, daily step goals, the benefits of standing versus sitting desks, and much more.

    If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #60 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here.

    We discuss:

    • Overview of topics and episode format [1:40];
    • Preventing cognitive decline [5:00];
    • How to lower blood glucose and insulin [13:30];
    • The relationship between lipids, CVD, and Alzheimer’s disease, and whether statins can increase the risk of neurodegenerative disorders and AD [23:15];
    • Reducing apoB levels through exercise and diet [31:45];
    • Pharmacological options for lowering apoB [38:00];
    • How nutrition impacts longevity via metabolic health, muscle mass, BMD and more [40:15];
    • How can someone determine the best diet for themselves? [43:45];
    • Nutrition myth: All weight loss is good [46:45];
    • Nutrition myth: Metabolic rates are dramatically different among individuals based on genetics [49:00];
    • Nutrition myth: Losing weight after a brief period of overeating is impossible [53:45];
    • Nutrition myth: GLP-1 agonists are a replacement for a healthy lifestyle [57:45];
    • Nutrition myth: There is a single best diet for weight loss [1:03:00];
    • Nutrition oversimplification: All calories are created equal [1:05:45];
    • Daily step goals [1:06:45];
    • The benefits of standing versus sitting throughout the day [1:10:45];
    • How to identify the most impactful and easiest-to-implement ways to improve your health [1:12:30];
    • The critical importance of emotional health [1:14:30];
    • Why supplements should be considered as supportive aids rather than primary solutions in one’s strategy to improve longevity [1:18:00];
    • Strategies for reducing high blood pressure [1:20:45];
    • Peter’s biggest frustrations with "mainstream health advice" [1:28:00];
    • Peter’s chaotic, yet cherished, morning routine [1:31:00]; and
    • More.

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    The Peter Attia Drive
    enJune 17, 2024

    #305 ‒ Heart rate variability: how to measure, interpret, and utilize HRV for training and health optimization | Joel Jamieson

    #305 ‒ Heart rate variability: how to measure, interpret, and utilize HRV for training and health optimization | Joel Jamieson

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    Joel Jamieson is a conditioning expert who developed Morpheus to give people a smarter way to build their conditioning regimen and improve their recovery. In this episode, Joel dives deep into the world of heart rate variability (HRV), explaining its scientific foundation, how it measures the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the various methods of measurement, and how it can guide healthier lifestyle choices and improved training performance. He explores the nuances of HRV calculation, the impact of aging on HRV, and the roles of genetics, exercise, and other lifestyle factors in this process. He also covers Morpheus, the innovative training tool that won Peter over after his initial skepticism, highlighting its practicality and effectiveness in guiding training and optimizing fitness outcomes.

    We discuss:

    • Heart rate variability (HRV): evolution, science, and practical applications of HRV in athletic training [4:00];
    • Methods of measuring HRV: EKG, wrist-based sensors, and more [11:30];
    • How HRV is calculated from the data [22:30];
    • The role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in regulating HRV [25:45];
    • The decline in HRV with age, and the mitigating effects of fitness and other lifestyle factors [33:30];
    • The role of genetics in HRV, the modifiability of HRV, and a comparison of VO2 max and HRV as predictors of mortality [37:00];
    • How aging affects HRV and sympathetic drive, and the importance of spontaneous movement and exercise in maintaining the body's adaptability [43:30];
    • How Morpheus measures HRV using RMSSD and normalizes it to a 100-point scale for easier interpretation [49:45];
    • The Morpheus system: development, integration with various metrics, and personalized daily training recommendations to optimize fitness and recovery [51:30];
    • The benefits of morning HRV readings for assessing daily readiness compared to overnight HRV measurements [1:03:00];
    • Why Morpheus recommends using a chest strap rather than an arm band [1:10:00];
    • The impact of consistent exercise, stress, alcohol, and other lifestyle factors on HRV [1:11:15];
    • Optimizing zone 2 training with Morpheus [1:18:15];
    • Using heart rate recovery (HRR) as an indicator of athletic conditioning and the balance between aerobic and anaerobic systems [1:22:45];
    • The importance of tracking HRV trends over time rather than focusing on data from a given day [1:29:00];
    • Effect of GLP-1 agonists on heart rate and HRV [1:34:45];
    • Where HRV belongs in the hierarchy of health metrics [1:42:00];
    • Parting thoughts [1:46:30]; and
    • More.

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    The Peter Attia Drive
    enJune 10, 2024

    #304 – NEW: Introducing quarterly podcast summaries - Peter shares his biggest takeaways on muscle protein synthesis, VO2 max, toe strength, gut health, and more

    #304 – NEW: Introducing quarterly podcast summaries - Peter shares his biggest takeaways on muscle protein synthesis, VO2 max, toe strength, gut health, and more

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    In this quarterly podcast summary (QPS) episode, Peter introduces a new format aimed at summarizing his biggest takeaways from the last three months of guest interviews on the podcast. Peter shares key insights from each episode, covering diverse topics such as protein and muscle building with Luc van Loon, toe strength with Courtney Conley, VO2 max with Olav Aleksander Bu, liquid biopsies for cancer with Alex Aravanis, gut health and probiotics with Colleen Cutcliffe, and road safety with Mark Rosekind. Additionally, Peter shares any personal behavioral adjustments or modifications to his patient care practices that have arisen from these engaging discussions.

    If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the episode #304 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here.

    We discuss:

    • How Peter keeps track of his takeaways from each podcast episode [5:15];
    • Luc van Loon episode: fat utilization, muscle protein synthesis, dietary protein, aging and inactivity, and more [8:45];
    • Behavioral changes that have come about from the conversation with Luc van Loon [23:45];
    • Courtney Conley episode: importance of toe strength and the impact of dedicated foot training [26:45];
    • Olav Aleksander Bu episode: the importance of VO2 max for lifespan, and the practicalities of measuring and improving VO2 max [36:45];
    • Behavioral changes that have come about from the conversation with Olav [56:00];
    • Alex Aravanis episode: liquid biopsies for cancer detection [1:01:30];
    • Colleen Cutcliffe episode: the importance of gut bacteria balance, and the potential therapeutic uses of probiotics, particularly Akkermansia [1:16:45];
    • Mark Rosekind: the significant issue of road fatalities and injuries, their causes, and practical safety measures to reduce risks [1:27:00]; and
    • More.

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    The Peter Attia Drive
    enJune 03, 2024

    #303 - A breakthrough in Alzheimer’s disease: the promising potential of klotho for brain health, cognitive decline, and as a therapeutic tool for Alzheimer's disease | Dena Dubal, M.D., Ph.D.

    #303 - A breakthrough in Alzheimer’s disease: the promising potential of klotho for brain health, cognitive decline, and as a therapeutic tool for Alzheimer's disease | Dena Dubal, M.D., Ph.D.

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    Dena Dubal is a physician-scientist and professor of neurology at UCSF whose work focuses on mechanisms of longevity and brain resilience. In this episode, Dena delves into the intricacies of the longevity factor klotho: its formation and distribution in the body, the factors such as stress and exercise that impact its levels, and its profound impact on cognitive function and overall brain health. Dena shares insights from exciting research in animal models showing the potential of klotho in treating neurodegenerative diseases as well as its broader implications for organ health and disease prevention. She concludes with an optimistic outlook for future research in humans and the potential of klotho for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

    Disclosure: Peter is an investor in Jocasta Neuroscience, a company working to develop klotho as a therapy for people with Alzheimer’s disease.

    We discuss:

    • Dena’s fascination with aging and how she came to study klotho [3:30];
    • Biological properties of klotho: production, regulation, decline with age, and factors influencing its levels [11:45];
    • Potential benefits of klotho on brain health [22:00];
    • The relationship between soluble klotho protein, platelet factors, and cognitive enhancement [33:45];
    • The role of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and it’s interaction with GluN2B in mediating cognitive enhancement [46:45];
    • Benefits of klotho observed in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease [55:45];
    • Benefits of klotho observed in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease [1:03:00];
    • Promising results of klotho in primate models, and the importance of finding an appropriate therapeutic dose before moving to human trials [1:08:00];
    • Speculating why a single klotho injection has such long-lasting effects [1:25:30];
    • Potential cognitive benefits of klotho in humans, the impact of the KL-VS genetic variant on klotho levels, and the need for human trials to confirm these effects [1:27:45];
    • The interaction between the KL-VS genetic variant and APOE4 and how it impacts risk of Alzheimer’s disease [1:34:45];
    • The significance of klotho levels: studies linking lower levels to increased mortality and the broader implications for organ health and disease prevention [1:47:15];
    • Measuring klotho levels and determining an individual’s KL-VS status [1:52:15];
    • The promising potential of klotho for Alzheimer’s disease treatment, and the importance of philanthropy for funding research [1:58:00]; and
    • More.

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    The Peter Attia Drive
    enMay 27, 2024

    #302 - Confronting a metabolic epidemic: understanding liver health and how to prevent, diagnose, and manage liver disease | Julia Wattacheril, M.D., M.P.H.

    #302 - Confronting a metabolic epidemic: understanding liver health and how to prevent, diagnose, and manage liver disease | Julia Wattacheril, M.D., M.P.H.

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    Julia Wattacheril is a physician scientist and director of the Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) program at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. In this episode, Julia delves deep into the complex world of liver health, beginning with a foundational overview of liver physiology. She provides an in-depth look at how alcohol impacts liver function, breaking down the metabolism of ethanol and its detrimental effects. Julia then shifts the focus to understanding liver function tests and optimal enzyme levels, providing a detailed explanation of AST and ALT and elucidating why fluctuations in these levels may or may not be concerning. She provides a primer on the four major stages of liver disease, discussing risk and emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis. Julia highlights the role of liver disease in increasing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease and covers in detail the various strategies for diagnosing, treating, and preventing the progression of liver disease.

    We discuss:

    • Julia’s training, the importance of liver health, and the challenges and innovations of hepatology [3:15];
    • The complex and crucial functionality of the liver, its four most essential functions, and more [8:45];
    • Liver injuries: historical and evolving understanding of causal factors, and the progression to liver diseases and cancer [13:15];
    • How the liver metabolizes nutrients and what happens in the presence of excess calories or alcohol [24:45];
    • Methods of diagnosing liver disease and how insights guide treatment and management strategies [33:30];
    • The poisonous nature of ethanol to the liver [40:30];
    • Varied responses to alcohol, damaging effects of alcohol beyond the liver, and the process of advising patients on their alcohol consumption [47:15];
    • Understanding liver enzymes AST and ALT—interpreting levels, lifestyle factors that affect them, and diagnostic approaches [58:30];
    • Interpreting liver function tests for fatty liver disease, and the challenges of diagnosing liver pathologies, particularly in children versus adults [1:13:15];
    • Comprehensive liver health assessments via imaging and various diagnostic tools to prevent overlooking potential liver pathologies [1:18:45];
    • Potential impact of recreational drugs, statins, and other medications on liver function test results [1:26:45];
    • Shifting nomenclature from NAFLD to MASLD to reflect accuracy in the underlying pathophysiology and understanding of liver diseases [1:30:30];
    • Pathophysiology of MASLD, the need for proactive screening, and the significance of liver fat percentage as an indicator of metabolic health [1:36:30];
    • The importance of screening for rare conditions alongside common metabolic diseases associated with fatty liver accumulation [1:42:45];
    • Practical strategies for managing MAFLD [1:45:30];
    • The impact of fructose consumption on liver health and the challenges of disentangling its effects from other factors like obesity and insulin resistance [1:52:45];
    • The potential of GLP-1 agonists for the treatment of MASLD [1:57:45];
    • How the four stages of liver disease have evolved [2:00:30];
    • Increased cancer and heart disease risk associated with early-stage MAFLD [2:05:15];
    • Emerging drugs and therapies for addressing fat accumulation and fibrosis related to MAFLD [2:12:15];
    • Peter’s major takeaways [2:18:45]; and
    • More.

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    The Peter Attia Drive
    enMay 20, 2024

    #301 - AMA #59: Inflammation: its impact on aging and disease risk, and how to identify, prevent, and reduce it

    #301 - AMA #59: Inflammation: its impact on aging and disease risk, and how to identify, prevent, and reduce it

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    In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves into the often misunderstood concept of inflammation. He first defines inflammation and differentiates between acute inflammation and chronic inflammation, the latter of which is linked to aging and a plethora of age-related diseases. Peter breaks down the intricate relationship between chronic inflammation, obesity, and metabolic health, and highlights the signs that might suggest someone may be suffering from chronic inflammation. From there, the conversation centers on actionable advice and practical steps one can take to manage and minimize chronic inflammation. He explores how diet plays a crucial role, including the potential benefits of elimination diets, and he examines the impact of lifestyle factors such as exercise, sleep, and stress management. Additionally, he discusses the relevance of food inflammatory tests and concludes by examining the potential benefits and drawbacks of drugs and supplements in managing inflammation.

    If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #59 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here.

    We discuss:

    • Defining inflammation (and the cultural impact of Napoleon Dynamite) [1:45];
    • Acute vs chronic inflammation [8:00];
    • The connection between chronic inflammation, aging, and age-related diseases [11:00];
    • The impact of inflammation on metabolic health [18:30];
    • Understanding and diagnosing chronic inflammation: blood tests and other approaches, and challenges with measurement [20:00];
    • Factors that contribute to low-level chronic inflammation [28:00];
    • Minimizing inflammation through diet [29:45];
    • The important role of fiber for gut health and inflammation [33:45];
    • A closer look at the impact of trans fats and saturated fats on overall health [34:45];
    • Why Peter prefers dietary fiber from food sources over supplements [38:30];
    • Debunking “superfoods”: emphasizing proven methods over marketing claims for reducing inflammation [39:00];
    • Is there any value in over-the-counter food inflammatory tests? [42:30];
    • Food elimination diets: how they work, symptoms and markers to watch, challenges and limitations [45:15];
    • Identifying dietary triggers for gut-related symptoms through low-FODMAP diets like the “carnivore diet” [51:15];
    • Dairy: the complex role of dairy on inflammation and individual responses [55:00];
    • Wheat: the complexities and conflicting evidence around wheat's inflammatory effects [57:45];
    • How exercise influences inflammation [1:02:00];
    • How sleep quality and duration impacts inflammation [1:07:00];
    • The potential impact of chronic psychological stressors on inflammation [1:13:00];
    • The impact of oral health on inflammation and overall well-being [1:15:00];
    • The role of medications in managing chronic inflammation [1:18:15];
    • Supplements: evaluating the efficacy of various anti-inflammatory supplements [1:22:15];
    • Parting thoughts and takeaways [1:27:00]; and
    • More.

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    The Peter Attia Drive
    enMay 13, 2024

    #300 - Special episode: Peter on exercise, fasting, nutrition, stem cells, geroprotective drugs, and more — promising interventions or just noise?

    #300 - Special episode: Peter on exercise, fasting, nutrition, stem cells, geroprotective drugs, and more — promising interventions or just noise?

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    In this special edition celebrating 300 episodes of The Drive, Peter discusses a variety of popular topics and health interventions and classifies them based on their level of evidence and relevance using the following categories: proven, promising, fuzzy, noise, and nonsense. Peter first delves into the topic of geroprotective molecules, covering rapamycin, metformin, NAD and its precursors, and resveratrol. Next, he explores the significance of metrics like VO2 max and muscle mass, as well as emerging concepts like blood flow restriction and stem cells. The conversation extends to nutrition, addressing questions surrounding long-term fasting, sugar consumption, sugar substitutes, and the contentious role of red meat in cancer. Peter not only provides his current stance on each topic—most of which have been covered in great detail in the previous 300 episodes—but also reflects on how his opinion may have evolved over the years.

    We discuss:

    • Defining the categories of “proven, promising, fuzzy, noise, and nonsense” [3:15];
    • Rapamycin [9:30];
    • Metformin [17:00];
    • NAD and its precursors [24:30];
    • Resveratrol [32:45];
    • The importance of VO2 max, muscle mass, and muscular strength for lifespan [38:15];
    • Blood flow restriction (BFR) training [44:00];
    • Using stem cells to treat osteoarthritis or injury [51:30];
    • Fasting as a tool for longevity (and why Peter stopped his fasting protocol) [55:45];
    • The energy balance theory [1:06:30];
    • The idea that sugar is poison [1:12:00];
    • The idea that sugar substitutes are dangerous [1:22:15];
    • The debate on red meat and cancer [1:28:45]; and
    • More.

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    Special episode with Dax Shepard: F1 and the 30th anniversary of Ayrton Senna’s death

    Special episode with Dax Shepard: F1 and the 30th anniversary of Ayrton Senna’s death

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    This is a special episode of The Drive with Peter’s friend and fellow car enthusiast Dax Shepard. In this podcast, which commemorates the 30th anniversary of the death of Brazilian Formula One legend Ayrton Senna, Dax sits down with Peter to better understand what made Senna so special and why Peter remains an enormous fan. This conversation focuses on Senna’s life, the circumstances of his death, and his lasting impact and legacy on the sport of F1.

    We discuss:

    • Peter’s interest in motorsports began as a child [2:30];
    • The drama and dangers of F1 [6:00];
    • What made Senna special [13:00];
    • What Senna meant to Brazilians [24:00];
    • The cause of the fatal crash [28:15];
    • Why Peter is obsessed with Senna [40:30];
    • Being the best versus having the best record [43:30];
    • Senna’s unique driving style and incredible intuition about automotive engineering [46:30];
    • Back to the day of the dreadful race [53:00];
    • What Peter believes caused the crash [1:02:45];
    • Views on dying young, in the prime of life [1:13:00];
    • Senna lives on in his foundation and in safety changes adopted by F1 [1:21:00];
    • Statistics aren’t enough for fandom, and why people like who they do [1:24:15];
    • The biggest difference between F1 today and F1 in the 80s [1:28:30];
    • Senna’s driving superpower [1:30:30];
    • The fastest drivers currently in F1 [1:38:30];
    • Current F1 obsessions [1:45:00];
    • How hard it is to do what the top F1 drivers do [1:50:15];
    • Dax’s love of motorcycles and his AMG E63 station wagon [1:52:15];
    • Awesome Senna mementos from Etsy [2:01:15];
    • What makes specialists interesting, and Max’s devotion to F1 [2:10:15];
    • What Senna might have done if he had not died that day [2:14:00];
    • Michael Schumacher and Max Verstappen are also top F1 drivers [2:17:30];
    • Interlagos in Sao Paulo Brazil is always an incredible experience [2:18:45]; and
    • More.

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    #299 ‒ Optimizing muscle protein synthesis: the crucial impact of protein quality and quantity, and the key role of resistance training | Luc van Loon, Ph.D.

    #299 ‒ Optimizing muscle protein synthesis: the crucial impact of protein quality and quantity, and the key role of resistance training | Luc van Loon, Ph.D.

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    Luc van Loon is an internationally renowned expert in skeletal muscle metabolism. In this episode, Luc starts with an exploration of the roles of insulin and triglycerides in endurance exercise, highlighting their impact on skeletal muscle metabolism, and he offers profound insights into the significance of protein in this context. He elucidates how different protein types and forms influence muscle protein synthesis rates, exploring the nuances of protein absorption, digestibility, amino acid quality, and their implications for performance and recovery. Delving deeper, he differentiates between animal and plant protein sources, unraveling the distinctive properties of various protein types, from the differences between whey and casein to the emerging trends in collagen protein supplementation. Moreover, Luc dissects the intricate connections among physical activity, lean muscle mass, muscle protein synthesis induced by resistance training, and dietary protein.

    We discuss:

    • Luc’s background and insights about fuel selection during exercise [3:30];
    • Fuel utilization during endurance exercise [9:30];
    • Fat metabolism, intramuscular lipids, and the nutritional dynamics of endurance sports [17:15];
    • The optimal window for replenishing intramuscular fat stores and glycogen post-exercise [25:15];
    • Luc’s interest in protein metabolism and exploration of amino acids' dual role as building blocks and signaling molecules in driving muscle protein synthesis [32:15];
    • How protein metabolism differs between sedentary individuals and those engaged in predominantly strength training or endurance training [38:45];
    • The basics of how proteins are digested and absorbed, and how muscle protein synthesis is measured [50:30];
    • How factors like food texture, cooking methods, and protein composition impact muscle protein synthesis, and the importance of protein distribution throughout the day [59:45];
    • Differences in whey and casein proteins, and the ability of ingested protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis [1:03:30];
    • Dietary protein distribution and quantity for the maximization of muscle protein synthesis [1:09:00];
    • Muscle loss with age and inactivity and the importance of resistance exercise to maintain type II muscle fibers [1:17:15];
    • Differences between whey and casein proteins, and the importance of both quantity and quality of protein sources [1:28:30];
    • Optimizing muscle protein synthesis: exercise, timing of protein intake, protein quality, and more [1:37:00];
    • How to preserve muscle while trying to lose weight [1:46:00];
    • Anabolic resistance and overcoming it with physical activity [1:55:45];
    • Importance of protein intake and physical activity in hospitalized patients [2:06:30];
    • Reviewing the efficacy of collagen supplements [2:13:30];
    • Plant-based diets: how to ensure a balance of amino acids, and other considerations [2:20:30];
    • Future research: understanding protein metabolism in the brain [2:23:45]; and
    • More.

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    Fastest Ironman on North American Soil & What it Takes to Win Ironman Zurich 7 Years In a Row

    Fastest Ironman on North American Soil & What it Takes to Win Ironman Zurich 7 Years In a Row
    Ronnie Schildknecht may not be a household name. But he should be. Why? because nobody in history has logged a faster Ironman on the soil of this continent faster than Ronnie. This is a guy who won Ironman Florida in 2011 in 7 hours and 59 minutes. An Ironman in under 8 hours! Just how fast is that? After swimming 2.4 miles in the ocean in 51 minutes, imagine getting on your bike and riding 112 miles at an average pace of almost 26mph for 4 hours and 19 minutes straight. Then imagine getting off your bike and running a steady 6 minute to 6:15 pace to clock a blazing 2:43 marathon. Not enough for you? When Ronnie won Ironman Zurich this summer, he became the only athlete to have won a single Ironman race seven years in a row consecutively. Beyond his incomprehensible athletic achievements, Ronnie is a man of soft-spoken disposition and considerate nature. A guy more comfortable letting others bask in the limelight while allowing his race results speak on his behalf. Refreshing. What I found most compelling is how Ronnie's training has evolved over the last few years to a protocol that dispenses with the knee-jerk conventional wisdom of high volume and places more emphasis on high intensity quality work; recovery; mental preparation & visualization; and a protracted taper beyond his previous comfort zone. Ronnie's evolution into the elite athlete he is today has required developing a greater understanding of — and confidence in — what specifically works for him — irrespective of the opinions of others, recommended training protocols, or the flavor of the month diet or training plan. What works for him.  Powerful. And simple. Yet something that nonetheless can be so elusive and difficult to embrace. For Ronnie, it didn't come easy at first — his sub-par Kona performances since his blazing 4th place in 2008 attributable to overtraining and not listening to what his body was telling him. Why? Because trusting one's instincts can prove incredibly difficult without extreme personal confidence and practiced mental discipline. A strong internal compass capable of muting the outside world. Healthy boundaries. And a profound sense of self. Whether you are an athlete yourself or just a fan, Ronnie's message of personal responsibility and self-awareness is powerful — principles that transcend sport — applicable to life wherever you find yourself. And I have no doubt that after listening to this interview, like me you'll be a Ronnie fan, ready to cheer him on to Ironman victory in Kona. I hope you enjoy the show! Rich

    Episode 58: Vanessa Spina

    Episode 58: Vanessa Spina

    Welcome to the Human Performance Outliers Podcast with hosts Dr. Shawn Baker and Zach Bitter. For this episode, we welcome Vanessa Spina onto the show. Vanessa, a.k.a. "Ketogenic Girl" is the host of ketogenicgirl.com, a popular website loaded with ketogenic resources. She hosts her own podcast, "Fast Keto." She is also the author of, "Keto Essentials." She recently has gone back to school at the University of Toronto to study Biochemistry. 

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    Episode 307: Matt Kerr - AG Ironman World Champ & Low Carb Approach

    Episode 307: Matt Kerr - AG Ironman World Champ & Low Carb Approach

    Matt Kerr recently won the men's 30-34 age group category at the Ironman World Championships in St. George Utah after being in the sport for just four years. Matt follows a low carbohydrate approach, with guidance from his coach Grant Schofield.

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    Episode 236: KONA - Evolution of the Pro Performance (An IRONMAN Master Coach Insight)

    Episode 236: KONA - Evolution of the Pro Performance (An IRONMAN Master Coach Insight)

    With the Hawaii IRONMAN World Championships looming, one can’t help but wonder about the level of performance to expect from an ever-growing field of high-performance athletes whose athleticism seems to trend upward every year.

    Beyond Kona, professional triathlon has witnessed performance and endurance levels rise and the makeup of endurance athletes shift based on the growing demands and expectations of the sport.

    In today’s episode of the Purple Patch Podcast, IRONMAN master coach Matt Dixon uses his experience as both an athlete and coach to examine the shift over the past few decades in the athletic approach to training, nutrition, recovery, and all the elements needed to perform at the professional level in today’s triathlon landscape.

    Matt takes a look at the future of Professional Triathlon through the lens of its past by highlighting 6 main principles he has observed around the changing of the sport.

    • The Application of Science: Improved access and understanding of scientific data for optimal training and recovery.

    (34:03) "We have seen over the last five to ten years, a wonderful marrying of coaching, experimentation, research and applied research on the fly, or with a collaboration to accelerate learning of what truly works, and perhaps most importantly, what doesn't work. There has been a radical increase in the understanding of what it takes to achieve performance improvements."

    • Triathlon as a First Sport: Early exposure and focus on a multisport approach.

    (37:28) "In the last few years, we genuinely are starting to see athletes that grew up as triathletes. It was their first real elite experience. And with this, we started to see the average age of world-class being dramatically reduced."

    • Perceptions of Possibility: the elevation of athletic performance through breakthrough individual performances in all three disciplines.

    (39:58) "There is simply no place for being a weak bike rider. You cannot excel without being a great runner. And you also have to ultimately swim at or very, very close to the world-class level in swimming. It's a prerequisite now."

    • Evolving Nutrition and Fueling: The evolution of science and approach in stabilizing energy, predicting performance levels, and improving recovery.

    (44:41) "this has proved to be a genuine and serious performance paradigm shift, particularly in long course racing, those that are benefiting from it, they're bonking less and experiencing less gastric distress."

    • Advancements in Equipment Technology: The radical increase and optimization of technologically advanced triathlon equipment.

    (47:05) "Gimmicks are less dominant now. There's a smarter filter going on. And the access to all of this equipment is much more democratic."

    • Structure of the Sport: The shift in race format and approach by the Professional Triathletes Organisation.

    (49:29) "The race formats and the structure has elevated the required range of participating pros. And I predict that this is only going to accelerate over the next three, four, or five years. What it means to be a serious professional triathlete is going to change."

    The aim of this episode is to shape your expectations and performance levels based on an understanding of what it means, and what it takes, to deliver a world-class triathlon performance.

    Episode Timestamps

    00:00 - 03:38 - Welcome and Episode Introduction

    03:45 - Episode 236: Evolution of the Pro Performance - an IRONMAN Master Coach Insight

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