Podcast Summary
Exploring Elite Athletic Performance and Metabolism: Learn about lactate levels, fat oxidation, and watts, plus food's impact on lactate and interpreting equal lactate outputs. Discover zone two exercise's importance, compounding improvement, and longevity benefits. Hear about Inigo's research on metformin and long COVID's mitochondrial effects.
The conversation delved into the world of elite athletic performance, discussing topics such as lactate levels, fat oxidation, and the relationship between watts and lactate. They also explored how food and carbohydrates can impact lactate and how to interpret equal lactate outputs between athletes and those with metabolic health issues. The podcast also touched upon specifics of zone two exercise, the importance of compounding improvement through zone two training, and the impact of exercise on longevity. Additionally, Inigo shared his research on metformin's potential effect on mitochondrial health and his study on long COVID patients, revealing mitochondrial effects reminiscent of type 2 diabetes. Overall, this episode offers valuable insights into the world of sports performance, metabolism, and health, providing listeners with a deeper understanding of the science behind elite athletic achievements and its relevance to everyday health and wellness.
Young cyclist's exceptional potential revealed through testing: At 19, a cyclist named [Name] exhibited remarkable physiological abilities, including quick lactate clearance and high power output at low lactate levels, setting him apart from peers based on training data and metabolomics testing.
At the age of 19, a cyclist named [Name] showed exceptional potential based on his physiological testing. His ability to clear lactate quickly and sustain high power output with low lactate levels stood out among his peers. This was evident in his training data, which showed his ease in recovering and adapting to training. Additionally, metabolomics testing at the Tour of California in 2019 confirmed his unique metabolic profile. The combination of these factors made [Name] a promising athlete, setting him apart from others in the peloton. The lactate threshold graph, which plots watts per kilo against lactate production, is a powerful predictor of tour success, and [Name]'s data indicated that he was well above the rest.
Critical moments in cycling races determine the outcome: Understanding critical moments during climbs and time trials, and a rider's capabilities through metrics like FTP and Watts per kilo, contributes to success in cycling.
That in cycling, a relatively small number of critical moments during the race determine the outcome, despite the race being a long one, approximately 100 hours. These moments often occur during climbs and time trials, and the ability to sustain high power output during these moments sets apart the winners from the rest. Cycling physiology metrics, such as Functional Threshold Power (FTP) and Watts per kilo with lactate production, help predict a rider's capabilities. Objective data, like resting lactate and heart rate, as well as subjective information, such as a rider's feelings, contribute to forming a strategy. Understanding these moments and a rider's capabilities is crucial for success in cycling.
Limits of algorithms in predicting athlete's readiness and performance: Elite athletes' capabilities are better known, relying solely on algorithms can lead to incorrect assumptions, and recognizing their limitations is crucial.
While algorithms can provide valuable insights, they may not always accurately predict an athlete's readiness or performance. Hariver, a high-level athlete, shared his experience of feeling fatigued according to an algorithm but then setting a new record during a claims session. He emphasized that at elite levels, athletes' capabilities are better known, and relying solely on algorithms can lead to incorrect assumptions. The frustration of having private data and knowing the discrepancies between predicted and actual performance is a common issue. Making the data public could help address criticisms of doping in sports, but concerns over privacy and potential skepticism make it a complex issue. Ultimately, it's essential to recognize the limitations of algorithms and the importance of individual athletes' self-assessment and expertise.
Real-time data enhances sports viewing experience: Real-time data provides insights into athlete's performance and strategy, allowing fans to connect deeper with athletes and understand challenges faced during competition. Potential for more parameters like lactate and glucose levels to be shared in cycling.
The release of real-time data in sports can enhance the viewer experience by providing insights into the athletes' performance and strategy. Formula One racing is an example of this, where viewers can see a driver's speed, gear, and even brake pressure in real time. This addition of transparency allows fans to connect more deeply with the athletes and understand the challenges they face during competition. In cycling, there are already steps being taken to provide real-time data, such as heart rate and power output, but there is potential for even more parameters to be shared. This could include lactate and glucose levels, which would give viewers a deeper understanding of the athletes' physiological state. Ultimately, the integration of real-time data into sports broadcasts has the potential to revolutionize the way we engage with and appreciate athletic performances.
Optimizing Performance through Strategic Training - Zone Two: Pro cyclist Tala's decision to conserve energy during a steep climb aligns with zone two training, which focuses on mitochondrial function, fat oxidation, and lactate cleansing. Athletes dedicate significant time to this training during off-season, but adjust intensity as the season approaches.
During a cycling race, Tala, a professional cyclist, deliberately chose not to chase after two leading competitors during a steep climb, instead opting to observe and conserve energy for the next day's race. From a training perspective, this strategy aligns with the importance of zone two training, which stresses the mitochondria and oxidative capacity, recruiting mainly type one muscle fibers, and mobilizing the highest amount of fat for energy. Tala's approach demonstrates the significance of understanding energy systems and implementing a strategic training plan to optimize performance. During the winter months, a cyclist might dedicate 70-80% of their training days to zone two, but as the season approaches, they increase intensity and recover between racing blocks. Zone two training is crucial for mitochondrial function, fat oxidation, and lactate cleansing, making it a topic of great interest for many athletes.
Lactate as a Preferred Fuel During Intense Exercise: Elite athletes have a higher capacity to use fat as fuel during intense exercise, facilitated by muscle fiber types and mitochondria, which can be measured through indirect calorimetry.
Our bodies use lactate as a preferred fuel for cells, particularly during intense exercise. This process is facilitated by muscle fiber types and mitochondria, which develop transporters for lactate. The most accurate way to measure fat oxidation during exercise is through indirect calorimetry, which measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. As exercise intensity increases, the body requires more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide, with the ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide production indicating the percentage of energy coming from fat oxidation. Elite athletes have a higher fat oxidation capacity compared to others, as shown in studies. This process is crucial for understanding mitochondrial function and energy systems during exercise.
Mitochondrial function impacts an athlete's ability to use fat as fuel: Highly trained athletes with efficient mitochondria can rely on fat oxidation during moderate intensity levels, while those with impaired mitochondria must primarily use carbohydrates
An athlete's mitochondrial function significantly impacts their ability to use fat as fuel during exercise. Highly trained athletes with efficient mitochondria can rely on fat oxidation even at moderate intensity levels, while those with impaired mitochondria, such as individuals with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, must rely primarily on carbohydrates. This difference can be visualized through a metabolic map, which displays fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, and lactate production. These findings, supported by research, can help determine an individual's training zones and assess their metabolic flexibility.
Variability in workload, lactate threshold, and fat oxidation between individuals: Professional athletes have a higher capacity for fat oxidation and maintain a flat lactate level, while less fit individuals have a lower capacity and exhibit varying fat oxidation maxima. Normalize data by weight and start at a low workload for accurate measurements.
The relationship between workload and lactate threshold, as well as fat oxidation, varies greatly between individuals based on their fitness level. Professional endurance athletes have a higher capacity for fat oxidation and can maintain a relatively flat lactate level until high workloads, while individuals with metabolic syndrome have a much lower capacity for both. When working with patients, it's essential to normalize data by weight (watts per kilogram) and start at a low workload to accurately measure their fat oxidation maxima. Additionally, fit individuals may exhibit a local maxima in fat oxidation before the decline, while less fit individuals may not reach their maxima until a higher workload.
Lactate levels and fat oxidation differ between individuals: Elite athletes require lower lactate levels for optimal fat oxidation, while individual differences in mitochondrial function and lactate clearance impact this relationship
The relationship between lactate levels and fat oxidation can vary greatly between individuals, with elite athletes requiring lower lactate levels for maximum fat oxidation compared to recreational athletes or those with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, when training a moderately active individual to improve metabolic function and fuel partitioning, it's essential to consider their unique lactate and fat oxidation profiles, rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all approach to zone two training. The correlation between lactate levels and fat oxidation is strong, but not always directly proportional, and individual differences in mitochondrial function and lactate clearance capacity can significantly impact this relationship.
The body uses both fat and carbs for energy during exercise, with elite athletes relying more on fat oxidation: Elite athletes efficiently use fat for energy, reducing their reliance on glucose and lactate production, and their bodies recycle lactate for further use through the lactate shuttle and mitochondrial transporters.
During exercise, the body relies on both fat oxidation and carbohydrate oxidation for energy production. Elite athletes have a higher fat oxidation threshold and produce less lactate compared to less fit individuals. The correlation between fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, and lactate production is significant. The more efficient an individual is at oxidizing fatty acids, the less reliant they are on glucose and lactate production. The lactate shuttle plays a role in this process, allowing the body to reuse lactate as a fuel instead of letting it accumulate. The mitochondria play a crucial role in this process, with specific transporters like MCT1 and LDH enabling the oxidation of lactate back to pyruvate and its entry into the Krebs cycle.
Athletes like Pogacar have an advantage in handling lactate during high-intensity exercise: Well-trained athletes have a higher capacity to bring lactate into their cells, converting it into ATP, and utilize it in slow-twitch muscle fibers, leading to better performance and delayed muscle fatigue.
During high-intensity exercise, the body produces lactate as a byproduct when it cannot fully oxidize glucose due to insufficient oxygen supply. However, well-trained athletes like Pogacar have a higher capacity to bring lactate into their cells through MCT1 transporters on their outer mitochondrial membranes, converting it back into pyruvate and producing more ATP (32 units) compared to converting pyruvate to lactate (only producing 2 units). This genetic and epigenetic advantage is likely due to their specific training, which focuses on stimulating the bi-energetic system and increasing MCT1 transporters and components in the Krebs cycle. These athletes also have an improved ability to export lactate through high-intensity exercise and utilize it in slow-twitch muscle fibers, leading to better performance and delaying muscle fatigue. The training process enhances the function of MCT1 transporters and mitochondria, allowing these athletes to handle and utilize lactate more efficiently.
During intense exercise, the body produces lactate which can be used or cleared out: Individuals with poor mitochondrial function struggle to clear lactate, impacting their power output, while well-trained athletes efficiently oxidize it for high performance. Blood lactate levels don't fully represent metabolic status, and diet, particularly carbohydrate intake, affects lactate production and clearance.
During intense physical activity, the body produces lactate which can be either oxidized in the muscle or exported to the blood. Individuals with poor mitochondrial function, such as those with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, cannot oxidize lactate efficiently, leading to its accumulation in the blood. Well-trained athletes, on the other hand, can oxidize large amounts of lactate in their muscles, leading to high power output and glucose usage. It's important to note that lactate production and clearance cannot be directly measured, making it challenging to fully understand an athlete's metabolic status based on blood lactate levels alone. Additionally, an athlete's diet, particularly their carbohydrate intake, can impact their ability to oxidize fat and glucose during exercise. Ketosis, a state of heightened fat oxidation achieved through a low-carbohydrate diet, can limit an athlete's ability to produce power at lower intensities, making it difficult to define training zones based on maximum fat oxidation.
Carbohydrate intake affects RQ and can lead to inaccurate assumptions about mitochondrial efficiency: Equations for fat and carbohydrate oxidation are based on high-carb diets, causing potential miscalculations during exercise. Lactate data can help provide more accurate parameters, and the body uses alternative fuel sources during energy depletion.
The ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption (RQ) can be influenced by an individual's baseline carbohydrate intake. This can lead to inaccurate assumptions about mitochondrial efficiency. The equations used to calculate fat and carbohydrate oxidation are calibrated on high-carbohydrate diets, and during exercise, an increase in oxygen consumption doesn't necessarily correspond to a proportional increase in CO2 production. This can result in overestimations of fat oxidation and underestimations of carbohydrate oxidation. The use of lactate data can help provide more accurate parameters. Additionally, the body has mechanisms to continue producing energy during times of stress, such as glutamine utilization, which can be an important fuel source when glycogen stores are depleted.
ICU patients face muscle wastage and hyperglycemia: ICU patients experience muscle breakdown releasing glutamine for energy, leading to hyperglycemia. Exercise in ICU can reduce muscle breakdown and promote insulin-independent glucose uptake, aiding in managing glucose levels.
ICU patients experience muscle wastage, or catabolism, leading to hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemia is not due to glycogen stores in the liver or muscles, but rather from protein breakdown in muscles to release glutamine for energy production. The liver then uses this glutamine for gluconeogenesis to maintain circulating glucose levels. Exercising ICU patients, even in a bed, could improve outcomes by reducing muscle breakdown and promoting insulin-independent glucose uptake. Additionally, understanding insulin-independent glucose uptake through muscle contraction can help manage hypoglycemia in individuals with diabetes.
Impact of meals and training on performance and health: Insulin resistance, lactate levels, and fat oxidation impact performance and health. Personalized training based on biometrics and using surrogates like perceived exertion can ensure effective training.
Understanding your body's response to different types of meals and training intensities can significantly impact your performance and overall health. The speaker discussed the relationship between insulin resistance, lactate levels, and fat oxidation. He shared personal experiences with lactate testing and how it can reveal the impact of a high carb meal on lactate performance. The speaker also emphasized the importance of individualizing training based on personal biometrics and using surrogates like heart rate, perceived exertion, or power output to train effectively. For those who don't have access to advanced testing equipment, relative perceived exertion can be a useful tool to ensure proper training intensity. Overall, the conversation highlighted the importance of considering various factors when designing an effective training program.
Understanding heart rate variability for effective exercise training: Heart rate variability indicates overall fitness and fatigue. Train within 70-80% of max heart rate. A higher resting heart rate or difficulty reaching normal heart rate signals potential fatigue. Comprehensive approach to fitness training includes cellular metabolism and heart rate variability.
Effective exercise training involves understanding your body's response at a cellular level, but it's also important to consider heart rate variability as an indicator of overall fitness and fatigue. By knowing your maximum heart rate and training within a zone that's roughly 70-80% of that, you can start your fitness journey. However, heart rate variability goes beyond beat-to-beat differences and can indicate broader adrenergic activation. A higher resting heart rate or difficulty reaching your normal heart rate during exercise are signs of potential fatigue. This macro perspective on heart rate variability complements the micro focus on cellular metabolism for a well-rounded approach to fitness training.
Using beta blockers to increase heart rate for better performance: Beta blockers can enhance athletic performance by increasing heart rate, but the experience is unpleasant and may decrease fuel availability due to the brain's priority to conserve energy during low glycogen levels and high mental work demands.
Manipulating heart rate through the use of beta blockers can help athletes push harder and reach higher power outputs, but the experience is subjectively unpleasant and may be linked to decreased fuel availability. The brain's priority to conserve energy during low glycogen levels results in decreased catecholamine release, affecting heart contractility and overall performance. Additionally, the brain's high glucose demand during prolonged mental work may require additional glucose sources, further draining energy reserves and impacting physical performance.
The Importance of Rest and Recovery: Prioritize rest days, increase carbs, adjust training parameters, aim for 1-1.5 hours steady state cardio 3-4x weekly for optimal mitochondrial and metabolic adaptations
Rest and recovery are just as important as training for optimal performance and overall well-being. The speaker shares his personal experience of feeling drained and underperforming when overworked, despite having a relatively low training volume. He emphasizes that it's essential to prioritize rest days, increase carbohydrate intake, and adjust training parameters when needed. For individuals new to this type of training, the speaker suggests aiming for one to one and a half hours of steady state cardio exercise, ideally three to four times a week. This approach can lead to significant mitochondrial and metabolic adaptations, even with a limited time commitment. Overall, the speaker encourages listeners to consider the importance of rest and recovery in their training regimens and to remember that a balanced approach is key to achieving optimal results.
Exercise regularly for optimal health: Four to five days a week, one hour to an hour and a half, mix of intensities for best results
For optimal health and fitness, it's ideal to engage in regular exercise, specifically four to five days a week, with a duration of around an hour to an hour and a half. This frequency and duration allow for effective stimulation of various energy systems, including the mitochondrial system, while also encouraging adaptations that can help improve overall health. Contrary to popular belief, high-intensity workouts aren't the only way to train effectively. In fact, a large portion of an elite athlete's training regimen consists of lower-intensity workouts. So, aim for a consistent exercise routine that includes a mix of intensities to see the best results.
The frequency of training sessions matters most for optimal health benefits: Consistent training frequency, not just duration, is crucial for metabolic health and longevity. Elite athletes' training philosophy can lead to better results.
While hours of training can help improve performance, the frequency of training sessions may be more important for optimal health and exercise benefits. Elite athletes have the best metabolic functions, and imitating their training philosophy can lead to better results. The frequency of training sessions, rather than the duration, is crucial, as it's like taking medication - consistency is key. High intensity training is necessary but not the only focus; other energy systems, such as low end aerobic and mitochondrial efficiency, should also be prioritized for overall health and longevity. The data shows that VO2 max, a measure of aerobic capacity, is highly correlated with longevity. Exercise is the only known medication for improving mitochondrial function and metabolic health, making it essential for maintaining and improving health in the long term.
Balance aerobic and anaerobic systems: To optimize training, balance weekly workouts between longer, lower-intensity zone two sessions and shorter, high-intensity zone five intervals, finishing with high-intensity workouts for maximum benefits.
Optimizing your training involves finding the right balance between different intensity zones, specifically focusing on improving both your zone two (aerobic) and zone five (anaerobic) systems. However, the order matters – it's essential to finish with high-intensity workouts to maximize benefits and avoid inhibiting fat burning. Aim for a consistent weekly schedule, incorporating a mix of longer, lower-intensity zone two sessions and shorter, high-intensity zone five intervals. Remember, the key is to challenge yourself while ensuring proper recovery to allow your body to adapt and improve.
Never too late for improvements in metabolic health and athletic performance: Consistent training, even starting late, leads to significant improvements in metabolic health and athletic performance through small, compounded gains over long periods of time
Consistent training, even starting later in life, can lead to significant improvements in metabolic health and athletic performance. The speaker, who has been testing his own metabolic parameters since he was 15 years old, shared that he has maintained similar readings into his 50s, despite decreasing training. He also shared inspiring stories of individuals who improved their metabolic health and athletic performance in their later years, some even becoming world champions. The speaker emphasized that small, compounded gains over long periods of time are key to achieving these results. It's never too late to start making positive changes to your health and fitness.
Inspiring stories of individuals improving health in old age: Maintaining a positive mindset and making lifestyle changes can lead to improved health and longevity in older adults. The impact of medications like metformin on aging is still uncertain, while supplements like NAD precursors may offer potential benefits but require cautious use.
Aging is not a fixed process, and it's never too late to make positive changes for better health and longevity. Witnessing individuals in their 60s and beyond, who have retired and started exercising, experiencing renewed strength and vitality, is truly inspiring. A key factor in their success is maintaining a good state of mind, which is essential for longevity. Regarding medications, the use of metformin as a geroprotective agent raises questions about its impact on mitochondrial function. While it's clear that metformin inhibits complex one in the electron transport chain, the long-term effects on longevity are uncertain. Further research is needed to understand this better. Additionally, supplements like NAD precursors, such as NR and NMN, are popular for their potential to boost longevity and mitochondrial health. However, it's crucial to approach their use with caution, as the relationship between supplementation and cellular NAD levels is not yet fully understood. Ultimately, the goal is to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and find ways to support mitochondrial health at any age.
NAD and Increased Longevity: More Complicated Than Thought: While NAD plays a key role in metabolism, directly increasing NAD levels through supplementation may not extend life and could potentially promote tumor growth.
While Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes, including glycolysis and redox status, increasing NAD levels through supplementation may not directly lead to increased longevity. Additionally, there is a theoretical risk that excess NAD could potentially favor tumor growth due to its role in feeding glycolysis in cancer cells. This risk was explored in a small pilot study with mice, which showed an approximately 15% increase in tumor growth in the NAD group. Further research is needed to determine if this effect holds true for humans and smaller tumors. It's important to remember that longevity and health are complex phenomena influenced by multiple factors, and no single supplement can guarantee extended life or optimal health.
Exercise and cancer: Potential long-term benefits: Exercise may counteract lactate accumulation in cancer, potentially transforming cancer cells, and improve overall health. Long COVID patients may experience impaired fat oxidation and lactate production.
Exercise, which can increase lactate production in the short term, may have long-term benefits for cancer patients by potentially counteracting the chronic lactate accumulation that contributes to the aggressive and metastatic nature of the tumor microenvironment. This is an area of ongoing research, as scientists are investigating the role of exosomes released during exercise, which could potentially transform the glycolytic phenotype of cancer cells into a more oxidative one. Furthermore, exercise's impact on longevity is believed to be significant, making it a potent tool for improving overall health. However, in the context of long COVID patients, research suggests that even previously healthy individuals can experience impaired fat oxidation and lactate production, with up to 50% of recovering patients showing these metabolic issues. The full extent and implications of these findings are still being explored.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Long COVID: Long COVID patients may experience mitochondrial dysfunction, even with normal cardiac and pulmonary function, which could increase their risk for multiple diseases. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this and if exercise can be used as a therapeutic tool.
The ongoing investigation into Long COVID reveals potential mitochondrial dysfunction in some patients, even those with seemingly normal cardiac and pulmonary function. This issue could be linked to COVID-19's ability to hijack mitochondria, as seen with other viruses. The long-term consequences of this dysfunction are still being studied, but it could potentially expose patients to multiple diseases. Further research, including biopsies, is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this at a cellular level. It's unclear if exercise can be used as a therapeutic tool in these cases, as mitochondrial dysfunction may be severe. This area of concern has received less attention than myocarditis, but it's essential to understand the implications for the millions of people infected with COVID-19. The relationship between maximum fat oxidation in zone two and VO2 max is an area of ongoing research, with studies suggesting that understanding this relationship could lead to more effective exercise prescription.
The link between VO2 max and fitness is more complex than once thought: Individuals with the same VO2 max can have different metabolic profiles, and prescribing exercise based on VO2 max alone may not be effective
The relationship between VO2 max and fitness is not as straightforward as once believed. While VO2 max has long been considered a reliable indicator of fitness and longevity, recent research suggests that individuals with the same VO2 max can have vastly different metabolic profiles. For instance, some individuals may oxidize more fat or carbohydrates at a given percentage of VO2 max, leading to different metabolic states. Additionally, the correlation between lactate levels and VO2 max can be poor, meaning that prescribing exercise based on VO2 max alone may not be effective. Therefore, it is essential to consider individual differences in metabolic profiles when assessing fitness and designing exercise programs.
Sedentary individuals have mitochondrial dysregulation impacting pyruvate oxidation: Sedentary lifestyle may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, impacting pyruvate oxidation and potentially predicting future health issues.
Sedentary individuals, even those who appear healthy, have significant dysregulation in their mitochondria, specifically in the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, which impacts the ability of pyruvate to enter the mitochondria and be oxidized. This dysregulation could potentially be a marker for future health issues, as these individuals may not yet show clinical symptoms. It's important to consider this when studying metabolic health and exercise prescription, as sedentary individuals are the norm in today's society and may not accurately represent optimal health. The implications of this finding could lead to new ways to understand and improve metabolic health.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation link type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to metabolic dysregulation, leading to intramuscular fat accumulation and ceramide production, potentially linking type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Active flux of intramuscular fat in athletes prevents ceramide accumulation and associated inflammation.
Metabolic dysregulation, specifically at the mitochondrial level, may be a significant factor in the development of both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The discussion highlighted that individuals with metabolic dysregulation exhibit downregulated fat transport and oxidation, leading to intramuscular triglyceride accumulation. This intramuscular fat, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes, is static and high in ceramides, a key player in the atherosclerotic process. The active flux of intramuscular fat in athletes, on the other hand, prevents the accumulation of ceramides and associated inflammatory mediators. The researchers are exploring the connections between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease at the mitochondrial level as a potential nexus. The conversation also touched upon the potential impact of metformin on mitochondrial function and performance in trained individuals. The ongoing research in this field promises to yield valuable insights into the complex relationships between metabolic health, mitochondrial function, and disease development.
Dr. Attia's Exclusive Discounts and Benefits: Dr. Attia offers exclusive discounts and benefits to his subscribers for products he believes in, encourages social media engagement, and emphasizes seeking professional medical advice.
Dr. Peter Attia offers exclusive discounts and benefits to his subscribers through his website, peteratiamd.com, for products he believes in, regardless of whether he's paid to endorse them. He encourages listeners to connect with him on social media platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, and to leave reviews on podcast players. However, the information shared on the podcast is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice. Dr. Attia also emphasizes the importance of seeking medical advice from healthcare professionals for any health concerns. Lastly, he discloses potential conflicts of interest and maintains an up-to-date list of companies he invests in or advises on his website.
