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    A Cheerleader, a Snapchat Post and the Supreme Court

    enMay 25, 2021

    Podcast Summary

    • Supreme Court Case on Student's Off-Campus Speech RightsThe Supreme Court is deciding if schools can discipline students for off-campus online speech, potentially impacting First Amendment rights in the digital age.

      The Supreme Court is currently considering a landmark case regarding free speech rights of students, specifically concerning off-campus online activity. The case involves a 14-year-old student, Brandy Levy, who was suspended from her cheerleading team after posting a controversial Snapchat message off campus. The lower courts ruled in Brandy's favor, stating that schools have no jurisdiction over off-campus speech. However, the Supreme Court may rule differently, as this area is contentious and confusing for many school administrators and courts. Brandy's argument is that as a public school student, she has First Amendment rights to express herself off campus without school interference. The outcome of this case could significantly impact how schools handle off-campus student speech in the digital age.

    • Balancing students' First Amendment rights and a school's interest in maintaining orderThe Supreme Court needs to provide clarity on students' First Amendment rights regarding off-campus speech to prevent inconsistent disciplinary actions related to cyberbullying, cheating, and other off-campus student behavior.

      The ongoing legal case regarding school discipline for off-campus student speech highlights the need for Supreme Court guidance in balancing students' First Amendment rights with a school's interest in maintaining order. The case references the 1969 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District decision, where students' right to wear black armbands to protest the Vietnam War was upheld, affirming that students do not lose their First Amendment rights at the schoolhouse gate. However, this earlier ruling did not explicitly address off-campus speech or its potential impact on school activities. As technology advances and physical location becomes less indicative of school influence, the Supreme Court's guidance on this issue becomes increasingly important to prevent chaos in disciplinary actions related to cyberbullying, cheating, and other off-campus student speech.

    • The Supreme Court's Opportunity to Clarify Free Speech Rights in the Digital AgeThe Mahanoy Area School District versus BL case could establish important precedents for how schools handle free speech issues in the digital age, with the Supreme Court grappling with the nuances of the case and the distinction between on-campus and off-campus speech.

      The ongoing legal debate surrounding free speech rights in the digital age, as exemplified by the Mahanoy Area School District versus BL case, remains complex and inconsistent. The discussion revolves around the distinction between on-campus and off-campus speech, with some arguing that disruptive speech, regardless of location or context, should be subject to school discipline. However, the application of this principle in recent years has shown varying results, with courts tending to focus on the specific nature of the speech. The Supreme Court now has an opportunity to clarify these lines, particularly given the widespread relevance of the issue to social media use, the first amendment, and the education system. During the oral arguments, the justices grappled with the nuances of the case, with the school district's lawyer emphasizing the importance of the speech's context and impact on the school community, while the ACLU lawyer countered that the location of the speech should not factor into the analysis. The outcome of this case could set important precedents for how schools handle free speech issues in the digital age.

    • Student speech rights off campusThe Supreme Court is debating whether schools can regulate student speech off campus, with concerns over potential disruption to the learning environment and the application of different rules for on and off campus speech.

      Key takeaway from the Supreme Court discussion is the ongoing debate over student speech rights outside of school. While schools have the authority to prohibit disruptive or offensive speech on campus, the application of these rules off campus raises constitutional concerns. The ACLU argues that for speech to be regulated, it must be under school supervision, while the school district maintains that it can be aimed at the school from anywhere. The justices have expressed skepticism towards the appeal court's approach, which creates a clear distinction between on-campus and off-campus speech. The debate revolves around the potential disruption of the learning environment caused by student speech off campus and the application of different rules for on and off campus speech. The case, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, is significant as it could set a precedent for student speech rights beyond the school premises.

    • Supreme Court Justices Express Doubts about Complexity of Mahanoy CaseThe Supreme Court seems unsure about the impact of the Mahanoy case on broader free speech issues and might not make a definitive ruling without addressing these concerns.

      During the Supreme Court argument for the Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. case, several justices expressed their doubts about the complexity of the case and its potential impact on broader free speech issues. They considered the distinction between discipline by the school itself and exclusion from an extracurricular activity, such as cheerleading. Some justices suggested that schools might have different rules for extracurricular activities if announced in advance. Ultimately, they seemed to agree that the case was too complicated to write a treatise on and that it might not be the best idea for the Supreme Court to decide it without addressing broader free speech issues. The court typically takes cases to establish legal principles applicable to various situations, rather than to resolve specific disputes. Based on these discussions, it's likely that the court could reverse the lower court's decision but leave the question of substantial disruption unanswered.

    • Supreme Court grapples with online versus offline free speechThe Supreme Court recognizes the complexity of balancing free speech online and offline, and may take incremental steps to address the issue as technology evolves

      The Supreme Court case regarding a student's Snapchat message and its implications for online versus offline free speech might not provide clear answers or definitive rulings anytime soon. The justices seem to understand the complexity of the issue and the need for incremental steps, as the lines between online and offline speech become increasingly blurred. The court has previously shown restraint when dealing with free speech in the Internet era, acknowledging the challenges of new technology and the need for careful consideration. The case serves as a reminder that these issues are novel and complicated, and a clear-cut resolution may not be imminent.

    • Balancing School Jurisdiction and Students' First Amendment Rights in the Digital AgeOlder justices may struggle with tech-related First Amendment disputes, but striking a balance between school order and student expression is essential.

      The balance between school jurisdiction and students' First Amendment rights in the digital age is a complex issue, even for tech-savvy individuals. Older justices may feel ill-equipped to rule on such complicated and technical matters, but these questions are genuinely difficult due to the nuances of First Amendment doctrine. While school administrators need some power to maintain order, students have guaranteed rights to express themselves. Striking this balance is challenging for anyone. In other news, the European Union sought to punish Belarus for forcing down a commercial airliner to arrest a critic, with airlines being banned from flying over or landing in EU countries. New York City public schools plan to fully reopen in September, with over a million students returning to classrooms, reflecting the city's progress in vaccinations and low infection rates. However, it remains unclear how many parents, teachers, and staff will feel safe enough to return.

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    In this podcast we are talking about the Supreme Court decision this fall regarding Mahanoy Valley v BL and Apple's new policy on cryptographically scanning files for CSAM content. SCOTUS Decision

    Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. (Brandi Levy)

    • SCOTUSblog

    • Language warning

    • Majority [8-1] opinion written by Justice Breyer

    • Facts

      • Levy tried out for varsity cheerleading but was offered a spot on the jv squad

      • Levy was unhappy with the decision. The following weekend, while visiting a Cocoa Hut, she shared two snaps on her Snapchat "story" (24 hour availability)

        • The first was a selfie showing Levy and a friend holding up their middle fingers with a caption reading "Fuck school fuck softball fuck cheer fuck everything." [SCOTUS quotes actual content -- similar to Pacifica]
        • The second just showed a caption that read "“Love how me and [another student] get told we need a year of jv before we make varsity but tha[t] doesn’t matter to anyone else?" The message was followed by an emoji with an upside-down smile.
      • Levy's list of Snapchat "friends" [SCOTUS uses quotes, interestingly] included some other cheerleaders. At least one used another cellphone to take pictures of Levy's posts so that she could share them with other cheerleaders and adults.

      • Cheerleading coaches testified that team members were "visibly upset" and that the posts sparked discussion in a coach's Algebra class.

      • Following consultation with the school principal, the coaches concluded that Levy's use of profanity in her snaps was a violation of team and school rules. They suspended Levy for the coming school year.

      • Levy apologized but it made no difference. "The school’s athletic director, principal, superintendent, and school board, all affirmed B. L.’s suspension from the team. In response, B. L., together with her parents, filed this lawsuit in Federal District Court."

      • After losing at the trial court and appellate level, the school district filed a writ of certiorari and SCOTUS granted the petition.

      • The precise question: “[w]hether [Tinker], which holds that public school officials may regulate speech that would materially and substantially disrupt the work and discipline of the school, applies to student speech that occurs off campus.”

        • Tinker: students wore black arm bands to protest the Vietnam war and were disciplined. SCOTUS ruled in students' favor but held that "schools have a special interest in regulating on-campus student speech that 'materially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of other.'"
    • SCOTUS Analysis

      • Tinker held that students do not lose their rights of freedom of speech or expression "at the school house gate"

      • Hazelwood, however, provides that "special characteristics of school environment" must be considered, including status of school "in loco parentis"

      • Schools may regulate student speech that falls into three categories

        • (1) “indecent,” “lewd,” or “vulgar” speech uttered during a school assembly on school grounds
        • (2) speech, uttered during a class trip, that promotes “illegal drug use" (Morse v. Frederick, "Bong Hits 4 Jesus"
        • (3) speech that others may reasonably perceive as “bear[ing] the imprimatur of the school,” such as that appearing in a school-sponsored newspaper
        • NOTE -- I have some experience in this, as I helped publish an underground newspaper my sophomore year of high school called "The Bullblp"**
      • Tinker also recognized the special interest schools have in regulating speech that "“materially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others"

      • SCOTUS disagrees with Third Circuit as to whether schools lose their additional license to regulate speech simply because it occurs off-campus. Possible examples:

        • "serious or severe bullying or harassment targeting particular individuals; threats aimed at teachers or other students; the failure to follow rules concerning lessons, the writing of papers, the use of computers, or participation in other online school activities; and breaches of school security devices, including material maintained within school computers."

        • Student herself suggested instances in which on/off-campus distinction would not apply:

          • all times when the school is responsible for the student; the school’s immediate surroundings; travel en route to and from the school; all speech taking place over school laptops or on a school’s website; speech taking place during remote learning; activities taken for school credit; and communications to school email accounts or phones."
          • Those examples might arguably include extracurricular activities, like cheerleading
      • SCOTUS largely punts. Reluctant to detail a specific list of exceptions to the Third Circuit's rule.

      • "Particularly given the advent of computer-based learning, we hesitate to determine precisely which of many school-related off-campus activities belong on such a list. Neither do we now know how such a list might vary, depending upon a student’s age, the nature of the school’s offcampus activity, or the impact upon the school itself."

      • "Thus, we do not now set forth a broad, highly general First Amendment rule stating just what counts as “off campus” speech and whether or how ordinary First Amendment standards must give way off campus to a school’s special need to prevent, e.g., substantial disruption of learning-related activities or the protection of those who make up a school community."

      • Three guidelines:

        • It is rare for a school to stand "in loco parentis" with respect to off-campus speech. Such speech normally falls within the responsibility of the parents
        • Routine regulation of off-campus speech by schools would effectively eliminate free speech for students, which is overly broad. This is particularly true with respect to off-campus speech dealing with core 1st Amendment concepts like politics or religion. Schools will face a heavy burden justifying intervention.
        • Schools, "as nurseries of democracy," have a positive interest in protect unpopular expression by students.
      • "Taken together, these three features of much off-campus speech mean that the leeway the First Amendment grants to schools in light of their special characteristics is diminished."

      • Apply those general principles to the speech by Levy, SCOTUS held:

        • Her speech, while vulgar, did not have any characteristics which would strip it of 1st Amendment protection -- not fighting words, not a threat, etc.
        • The speech was completely off-campus, did not reference any specific individuals or the school, used private equipment, and was intended for a personal audience.
        • While school has a general interest in teaching good manners, school was not standing "in loco parentis" at the time of Levy's speech, and no delegation by Levy's parents to do so in this instance
        • No evidence of "substantial disruption" resulting from Levy's comments. Desire on the part of the school "to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular conversation" is not sufficient grounds.
        • Mere apprehension of bad effects of speech does not justify its restriction
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      • #2021-06-23

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