Kültür, İnsanın Biyolojik Evrimini Etkileyebilir mi?

Şiddet içerikli bilgisayar oyunları, çocuklar ve gençlerde gerçek şiddeti arttırır mı? Bu oyunları oynayanların gerçek hayattaki saldırganlıkları gerçekten artar mı? Gelin, konu hakkında yapılmış bilimsel çalışmalara bir göz atalım.



Kullanılan Kaynaklar:

Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00366

Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., ... & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151-173. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0018251

APA 2015 raporu https://www.apa.org/science/leadership/bsa/report-violent-video-games.pdf

APA 2020 düzeltme https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/03/violent-video-games-behavior

Ayazoğlu Yassı, B. (2022). The moderating role of ostracism and feeling of competence in game-play on the relationship between violent video game playing and aggression: A longitudinal study.

Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045925

Beerthuizen, M. G., Weijters, G., & van der Laan, A. M. (2017). The release of Grand Theft Auto V and registered juvenile crime in the Netherlands. European Journal of Criminology, 14(6), 751-765. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370817717070

Ferguson, C. J., Copenhaver, A., & Markey, P. (2020). Reexamining the findings of the American Psychological Association’s 2015 task force on violent media: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6), 1423-1443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927666 Hilgard, J.,

Engelhardt, C. R., Rouder, J. N., Segert, I. L., & Bartholow, B. D. (2019). Null effects of game violence, game difficulty, and 2D: 4D digit ratio on aggressive behavior. Psychological Science, 30(4), 606-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619829688

Orben, A. (2020). The Sisyphean cycle of technology panics. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(5), 1143-1157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620919372

Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., & Hull, J. G. (2018). Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9882-9888. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114

Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2019). Violent video game engagement is not associated with adolescents' aggressive behaviour: evidence from a registered report. Royal Society Open Science, 6(2), 171474. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171474

Ritchie, S. (2021). Does Grand Theft Auto save lives? https://unherd.com/2021/10/does-grand-theft-auto-save-lives/

Vuorre, M., Johannes, N., Magnusson, K., & Przybylski, A. K. (2022). Time spent playing video games is unlikely to impact well-being. Royal Society Open Science, 9(7), 220411. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220411

Yeni dizi Sıcak Kafa’yı ve “abuklama” kavramını konuşuyoruz. Abuklamaya dair birçok bilimsel çalışma olduğunu biliyor muydunuz? Buyrun gelin, abuklamanın sosyal psikolojisini konuşalım.

Kaynaklar:

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015). On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgment and Decision making, 10(6), 549-563.

Deepak Chopra’nın tweet’i: https://twitter.com/deepakchopra/status/483188737162358785

Wisdom of Chora (Bullshit Generator): http://wisdomofchopra.com

The New Age Bullshit Generator: http://sebpearce.com/bullshit

Littrell, S., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2022). Bullshit blind spots: The roles of miscalibration and information processing in bullshit detection. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shane-Littrell-2/publication/351918880_Bullshit_blind_spots_The_roles_of_miscalibration_and_information_processing_in_bullshit_detection/links/631ba11d70cc936cd3f635ee/Bullshit-blind-spots-The-roles-of-miscalibration-and-information-processing-in-bullshit-detection.pdf

Turpin, M. H., Kara-Yakoubian, M., Walker, A. C., Walker, H. E., Fugelsang, J. A., & Stolz, J. A. (2021). Bullshit ability as an honest signal of intelligence. Evolutionary Psychology, 19(2), 14747049211000317.

Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., & Västfjäll, D. (2019). The complex relation between receptivity to pseudo-profound bullshit and political ideology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(10), 1440-1454.

Pfattheicher, S., & Schindler, S. (2016). Misperceiving bullshit as profound is associated with favorable views of Cruz, Rubio, Trump and conservatism. PloS one, 11(4), e0153419.

“Sahte anı” nedir? İnsanlar hiç yaşanmamış şeyleri yaşanmış gibi hatırlayabilir mi? Ve daha nicesi bu bölümde.

Kaynaklar:

“Travma unutulabilir mi?” tartışması hakkında: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/forgotten-memories-of-traumatic-events-get-some-backing-from-brain-imaging-studies/

Loftus ve “me too” hareketi: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/05/how-elizabeth-loftus-changed-the-meaning-of-memory

Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25(12), 720-725. https://doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07

Loftus’un annesinin boğulma olayı: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSLRD_qWB4Q
Loftus’un TED konuşması: https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_how_reliable_is_your_memory/transcript?language=ps

Martin Tankleff olayı: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/nyregion/martin-tankleff-settlement.html

Murphy, G., Loftus, E. F., Grady, R. H., Levine, L. J., & Greene, C. M. (2019). False memories for fake news during Ireland’s abortion referendum. Psychological Science, 30(10), 1449-1459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619864887

Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., Patihis, L., Merckelbach, H., Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Loftus, E. F. (2019). The return of the repressed: The persistent and problematic claims of long-forgotten trauma. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 1072-1095. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619862306

Shaw, J., & Porter, S. (2015). Constructing rich false memories of committing crime. Psychological Science, 26(3), 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614562862

Bu bölümde Don't Look Up üzerinden komplo teorilerini konuşuyoruz. Toplumsal krizler, komplo teorilerini neden tetikliyor? Kriz durumlarında bize her söylenene inanacak mıyız, yoksa her türlü komplo teorisinin peşinden mi koşacağız?

Kaynaklar:

Adam-Troian, J., Chayinska, M., Paladino, M. P., Uluğ, Ö. M., Vaes, J., & Wagner-Egger, P. (2021, October 5). Of precarity and conspiracy: Introducing A socio-functional model of conspiracy beliefs. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mnfrd

Alper, S. (2021, 20 Mayıs). There are higher levels of conspiracy beliefs in more corrupt countries. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2umfe

Casara, B. G. S., Suitner, C., & Jetten, J. (2022). The impact of economic inequality on conspiracy beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 98, 104245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104245

Smith, B. (2021, 12 Aralık). A comedy nails the media apocalypse. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/12/business/media/dont-look-up-news-media.html

Van Prooijen, J. W., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations. Memory Studies, 10(3), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750698017701615

Squid Game tüm dünyayı kasıp kavurdu. Peki dizide olan biten sosyal psikolojik açıdan nasıl yorumlanabilir? Onurcan Yılmaz ve Fatih Bayrak ile beraber ahlak, gruplaşma, düşünme biçimleri, kişilik, siyaset ve daha bir sürü yere gidiyoruz.

İnsanlar neden beleşçilik yapar? Beleşçiliği nasıl önleyebiliriz? Ya beleşçiliği engellemekle görevli kişiler yolsuzluğa karışırsa ne yapacağız? İnsanları yolsuzluğa ve rüşvete iten faktörler nelerdir? Bilimsel referanslarıyla beraber konuşuyoruz.


Kaynaklar:

Gächter, S., Renner, E., & Sefton, M. (2008). The long-run benefits of punishment. Science, 322(5907), 1510-1510. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164744

Gächter, S., & Schulz, J. F. (2016). Intrinsic honesty and the prevalence of rule violations across societies. Nature, 531(7595), 496-499. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17160

Henrich, J., & Muthukrishna, M. (2021). The origins and psychology of human cooperation. Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 207-240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-081920-042106

Muthukrishna, M., Francois, P., Pourahmadi, S., & Henrich, J. (2017). Corrupting cooperation and how anti-corruption strategies may backfire. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(7), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0138

Schulz, J. F., Bahrami-Rad, D., Beauchamp, J. P., & Henrich, J. (2019). The Church, intensive kinship, and global psychological variation. Science, 366(6466). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5141

Psikoloji neden krize girdi, bu kriz ne anlama geliyor, psikolojinin bilim statüsüne zarar verdi mi? Bu krizden öğrendiklerimiz psikolojinin farklı alt alanları ve uygulama alanındaki psikologlar için ne anlama geliyor? Psikolojinin en önemli gündemini sizler için özetledim.

Kaynaklar:

Alper, S. (2020). Psikolojide Replikasyon Krizi Neden Var? Nasıl Çözülür, Nasıl Çözülmez? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmxxBVx2_zU

American Psychological Association. (2011). The case of Diederik Stapel. https://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2011/12/diederik-stapel

Diener, E. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2021). The replication crisis in psychology. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/q4cvydeh

Leong, H. M., Carter, M., & Stephenson, J. R. (2015). Meta-analysis of research on sensory integration therapy for individuals with developmental and learning disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 27(2), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-014-9408-y

Open Science Collaboration (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716

Ritchie, S. (2010). Science Fictions: How Fraud, Bias, Negligence, and Hype Undermine the Search for Truth. Metropolitan Books.

Ritchie, S. J., Wiseman, R., & French, C. C. (2012). Failing the future: Three unsuccessful attempts to replicate Bem’s ‘retroactive facilitation of recall’ effect. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033423

Soto, C. J. (2019). How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The life outcomes of personality replication project. Psychological Science, 30(5), 711-727. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797619831612

Tzang, R. F., Chang, Y. C., Kao, K. L., Huang, Y. H., Huang, H. C., Wang, Y. C., ... & Stewart, R. (2019). Increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) receiving sensory integration therapy: A population-based cohort study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(2), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1171-7

Zwaan, R. A., Pecher, D., Paolacci, G., Bouwmeester, S., Verkoeijen, P., Dijkstra, K., & Zeelenberg, R. (2018). Participant nonnaiveté and the reproducibility of cognitive psychology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(5), 1968-1972. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1348-y

İnsanın kültürü, onun öğrendiği ve öğrettiği şeyler, biyolojik evrim sürecini etkileyebilir mi? Tarihten ilginç örnekleri konuşuyor, ufkumuzu genişletiyoruz.

Kaynak:

Henrich, J. (2015). The secret of our success: How culture is driving human evolution, domesticating our species, and making us smarter. Princeton University Press.

COVID-19 aşısı bulundu, ülkemize de geliyor. Şimdi akıllarda bir başka soru var: İnsanlar aşı olacak mı? Aşı karşıtlığının psikolojisini konuşuyoruz.

Kaynakça:

Betsch, C., Böhm, R., & Chapman, G. B. (2015). Using behavioral insights to increase vaccination policy effectiveness. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2372732215600716

Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Rothman, A. J., Leask, J., & Kempe, A. (2017). Increasing vaccination: putting psychological science into action. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(3), 149-207. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100618760521

Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology, 37(4), 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000586

Raude, J., Fressard, L., Gautier, A., Pulcini, C., Peretti-Watel, P., & Verger, P. (2016). Opening the ‘Vaccine Hesitancy’black box: how trust in institutions affects French GPs’ vaccination practices. Expert Review of Vaccines, 15(7), 937-948. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2016.1184092

Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J. A., & Koehler, D. J. (2015). Everyday consequences of analytic thinking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415604610

Rutjens, B. T., Heine, S. J., Sutton, R. M., & van Harreveld, F. (2018). Attitudes towards science. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 57, pp. 125-165). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.08.001

COVID-19 salgınıyla mücadelede en önemli şey davranış değişikliğiydi. İnsanları maske takmaya, fiziksel mesafeye dikkat etmeye ikna etmeniz gerekiyordu. Ancak davranış değişikliği konusunda esas söyleyecek sözü olanlara bilim kurullarında yer verilmedi. Doğrudan sosyal psikolojinin alanına giren bir konuda hiçbir sosyal psikoloğun sürece dahil edilmemesi bence büyük bir hataydı. Bu bölümde, hocalarımıza "Siz kurulda olsaydınız ne derdiniz, ne yorumlar yapardınız?" diye sordum.

Konuklar:

Nebi Sümer
Adil Sarıbay
Doğan Kökdemir
Serap Akfırat
Beyza Tepe
Onurcan Yılmaz