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    • Exploring the depths of human history through underground settlementsFrom early American settlements to hidden stories and mysteries, the underground offers a rich and largely unexplored frontier in human history.

      The history of human settlements reaches deeper than the surface, with early American settlers in Philadelphia starting their community in caves, which later became part of the city's foundation. These caves were later used for various purposes, including bars, brothels, and basements of houses. The instinct to go deeper into the earth has played a significant role in human history, and the underground continues to be a fascinating and largely unexplored frontier. As William Hunt, a cave expert and author, puts it, the underground is a "lost continent" that offers a wealth of hidden stories and mysteries, just waiting to be discovered. This idea is further explored in the podcast "Pop Culture Moms," where hosts Andi Mitchell and Sabrina Colberg discuss the lessons we can learn from fictional moms, emphasizing the importance of looking beyond the surface to understand the depth and complexity of the human experience.

    • Exploring the Hidden World: Uncovering the Fascination with the UndergroundPhotographers like Tamara Marino and Felix Nadar have brought hidden stories of the underground world to light, inspiring fascination and exploration. Their work illuminated previously unknown spaces, leading to widespread discovery and even tourism.

      Our fascination with the hidden aspects of existence, specifically the underground world, runs deep. From unexplored caves and ancient buried cities to the complex tectonic plates beneath our feet, there is a rich and largely untapped source of knowledge and wonder waiting to be discovered. Photographers like Tamara Marino and Felix Nadar have used their work to bring these hidden stories to light, inspiring fascination and exploration in those who see their images. Nadar's photographs of the Parisian underworld in the 1860s, for example, illuminated previously unknown and often threatening spaces, sparking a fascination that led to widespread exploration and even tourism. Today, photographers and explorers continue to delve into the depths of our world, shedding light on the hidden stories and wonders that lie beneath.

    • The Allure of the Underground: Caves as Shelters and SanctuariesPeople have been drawn to the allure of underground caves for various reasons throughout history, including self-sufficiency, preparedness for end times, and a connection to mythological systems. Some communities, like Rockland Ranch, continue to live in caves to reduce their environmental impact and seek shelter from societal turmoils.

      The allure of the underground, as represented by caves, has been a constant theme throughout human history. From mythological systems to physical dwellings, the underworld holds a powerful and universal appeal. Caves have been found in various parts of the world, including Tunisia, Iran, Colorado, and China, where millions currently reside. Some people, like the fundamentalist Mormon community in Eastern Utah, have built modern homes in caves to achieve self-sufficiency and live off the grid. This desire to seek shelter in caves, as seen in the Rockland Ranch community, stems from a belief in preparing for the end times. The biblical passage, "they shall go into the holes of the rocks and into the caves of the earth," is a literal interpretation of this mandate. The community at Rockland Ranch embodies this belief, as they continue to build and live in the rock to escape the turmoils of the world and reduce their impact on the environment.

    • Underground spaces: shelter, resources, and human connectionThroughout history, digging into the earth for shelter and resources has deep psychological benefits and showcases human ingenuity.

      Throughout history and across different cultures, people have been drawn to creating spaces underground for various reasons, whether it be for shelter or for mining resources. This act of digging into the earth has a deep psychological connection, evoking feelings of safety and the comfort of the womb. In the Australian outback, opal mining has led to the creation of underground dwellings called dugouts, which offer respite from the extreme heat. These dugouts, though dark and seemingly threatening, provide a sense of coolness and stability. The experience of exploring these underground homes and mines offers a unique perspective on human ingenuity and our connection to the earth.

    • Ancient underground living: A response to extreme temperatures and a sustainable solution for the futureLiving underground offers a practical solution to extreme temperatures and reduces carbon footprint, with a history dating back 46,000 years.

      The ancient practice of living and mining in underground settings, as seen in places like Opal mines in Coober Pedy, Australia, and rock shelters in the Pilbara region, holds significant value beyond the sought-after minerals. This way of life, deeply connected to the earth, has been practiced for millennia by various cultures and could offer a practical, eco-friendly, and self-sustaining solution for the future as temperatures rise. The tradition of underground living, which dates back 46,000 years, is not only a response to extreme temperatures but also an opportunity to reduce our carbon footprint and live in harmony with nature. However, the preservation of these precious sites, like the Jukan Gorge Caves, is crucial to maintain the connection to our past and explore the potential for a sustainable future.

    • Exploring the trend of underground livingUnderground living, with its unique sense of history and community, continues to grow as a response to societal and environmental pressures, offering a connection to the past and solutions for the present and future.

      The trend of underground living, as seen in ancient cave communities and modern subterranean housing developments, may continue to grow as a response to population density and environmental conditions. The underground lifestyle offers a unique sense of history, community, and freedom, as seen in the thriving cave-dwelling community of Sacramento in Spain, where the ancient art of Flamenco was born. This trend is not limited to specific regions or cultures, but is a global response to societal and political pressures. The future of underground living remains an intriguing and enchanting possibility, offering a connection to the past while providing solutions for the present and future.

    • People find refuge in unusual places like cavesDespite lacking natural light and fresh air, some people find comfort and pride in their underground homes, showcasing the complex relationship we have with the world beneath our feet.

      Throughout history and around the world, there are people who find refuge in unusual places, such as caves. These individuals, like Tocquato Lopez from Sacramento, have a deep spiritual connection to these spaces. Despite the lack of natural light and fresh air, they find comfort and pride in their underground homes. National Geographic Explorer Tamara Marino continues to document the lives of these underland dwellers, shedding light on our complex relationship with the world beneath our feet. This exploration is a reminder that what may seem unconventional or even spooky to some can be a source of comfort and identity for others. For more information, check out Tamara's work online, or read Will Hunt's book "Underground: A Human History of the Worlds Beneath Our Feet." This podcast is produced by National Geographic and can be supported through a subscription.

    Recent Episodes from Overheard at National Geographic

    Trapped in the icy waters of the Northwest Passage

    Trapped in the icy waters of the Northwest Passage
    For centuries, the Northwest Passage, the long-sought sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through northern Canada, was a holy grail of Arctic exploration. Even now, sailing through it isn’t guaranteed. Mark Synnott, a National Geographic Explorer, writer, and adventurer, attempted to sail his own boat through the Northwest Passage to retrace the doomed 1845 expedition of British explorer Sir John Franklin. None of the Franklin expedition’s 129 men made it home, but what exactly happened remains a mystery.   For more information on this episode, visit natgeo.com/overheard. Want more? Get the inside scoop on Mark’s Northwest Passage voyage and see gorgeous photos in the August issue of National Geographic. Watch Explorer: Lost in the Arctic, premiering August 24 on National Geographic and streaming the next day on Disney+ and Hulu. And to go even deeper, Mark will tell the full story in his book Into the Ice, coming fall 2024 from Dutton, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group. Also explore: On paper, Sir John Franklin’s expedition seemed to lack for little. There were ironclad ships, steam engines, libraries totaling 2,900 books, and even animal companions—two dogs and a monkey. Here’s how it all went wrong. Explore another polar expedition gone wrong—Shackleton’s expedition to Antarctica aboard Endurance—in the Overheard episode “What the Ice Gets, the Ice Keeps.” Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    Playback: Modern Lives, Ancient Caves

    Playback: Modern Lives, Ancient Caves
    There’s a lost continent waiting to be explored, and it’s right below our feet. We’ll dig into the deep human relationship to the underground—and why we understand it from an instinctive point of view, but not so much from a physical one. (Hint: We’re afraid of the dark.) In an episode originally published November 2021, National Geographic photographer Tamara Merino will take us subterranean in Utah, Australia, and Spain, where modern-day cave dwellers teach us how to escape the heat. For more information on this episode, visit natgeo.com/overheard. Want more? Go below ground with National Geographic Explorer Tamara Merino to see how these communities have been living—quite comfortably—for a very long time. In Vietnam photojournalist and National Geographic Explorer Martin Edström created 360 images of the world’s largest cave, Son Doong. It’s so big that a forest grows inside of it. Ever zip-line to a remote island? Cartographers did, 30 miles west of San Francisco. What did they see when they mapped the hard-to-reach landform known as the Farallon Islands? Caves. China is home to some of the most intricate cave systems on the planet. These explorers used a laser scanner to capture never before seen images of undocumented caves. Also explore: South Dakota is famous among cavers for its web of cave mazes. Take a look at what they’ve found under the Black Hills. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    Playback: This Indigenous Practice Fights Fire with Fire

    Playback: This Indigenous Practice Fights Fire with Fire
    For decades, the U.S. government evangelized fire suppression, most famously through Smokey Bear’s wildfire prevention campaign. But as climate change continues to exacerbate wildfire seasons and a growing body of scientific research supports using fire to fight fire, Indigenous groups in the Klamath Basin are reviving cultural burning practices that effectively controlled forest fires for centuries. In an episode originally published June 2022, National Geographic photographer Kiliii Yüyan introduces us to people bringing back this cultural practice and teaching the next generation how to use fire. For more information on this episode, visit natgeo.com/overheard. Want more? If you want to hear more from Kiliii, you can also listen to a previous Overheard episode where he shares stories from the many weeks he spent camping on sea ice with Native Alaskan whale hunters. And if you’re dying to see his photography, check out his website to see portraits of Indigenous people, Arctic wildlife, and more. Also explore: To learn more about Margo Robbins and her efforts to revive cultural burns, check out our article on the subject. The practice of cultural burning is just one of many subjects that Kiliii and writer Charles Mann covered about the ways Indigenous groups are trying to reclaim sovereignty. Read that cover story here.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    Playback: Rooting, from Into the Depths

    Playback: Rooting, from Into the Depths
    National Geographic Explorer Tara Roberts is inspired by the stories of the Clotilda, a ship that illegally arrived in Mobile, Alabama, in 1860, and of Africatown, created by those on the vessel—a community that still exists today. The archaeologists and divers leading the search for the Clotilda lay out the steps it took to find it. In this last episode of the Into the Depths podcast, which published in March 2022, Tara talks to the living descendants of those aboard the ship. She admires their enormous pride in knowing their ancestry, and wonders if she can trace her own ancestors back to a ship. She hires a genealogist and visits her family’s small hometown in North Carolina. The surprising results bring a sense of belonging to a place that she never could have imagined. Want more? Check out our Into the Depths hub to listen to all six episodes, learn more about Tara’s journey following Black scuba divers, find previous Nat Geo coverage on the search for slave shipwrecks, and read the March 2022 cover story. And download a tool kit for hosting an Into the Depths listening party to spark conversation and journey deeper into the material. Also explore:  Dive into more of National Geographic’s coverage of the Clotilda with articles looking at scientists’ ongoing archaeological work, the story that broke the discovery of the ship, and the documentary Clotilda: Last American Slave Ship. Meet more of the descendants of the Africans trafficked to the U.S. aboard the Clotilda, and find out what they’re doing to save Mobile’s Africatown community in the face of difficult economic and environmental challenges.  Read the story of Kossola, who later received the name Cudjo Lewis, in the book Barracoon: The Story of the Last “Black Cargo,” by author and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston. Learn more about the life of abolitionist Harriet Jacobs, author of “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl,” who escaped Edenton, N.C., through the Maritime Underground Railroad. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    Playback: Ancient Orchestra

    Playback: Ancient Orchestra
    Sound on! From conch shells to bone flutes, humans have been making musical instruments for tens of thousands of years. What did prehistoric music sound like? In an episode originally published in November 2021, follow us on a journey to find the oldest musical instruments and combine them into one big orchestra of human history. For more information on this episode, visit natgeo.com/overheard. Want More? A conch is more than just a musical instrument. A mollusk lives in that shell, and it’s a staple food in the Bahamas—so much so that overfishing is threatening their existence, but a few simple solutions may solve the problem. The oldest musical instrument was once thought to be a cave bear bone flute made by Neanderthals, but recent evidence suggests that the holes were made by animals rather than tools. More information about each instrument: The organization First Sounds found and brought to life the recordings of Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville. Head to their website to learn more about that project. Bettina Joy de Guzman travels the world, composing and performing music on ancient instruments. You can read more about her work on her website. More information about the bells of Bronze Age China can be found at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Check out a virtual version of their collection.  The conch shell sounds you heard were research recordings of the approximately 3,000-year-old Titanostrombus galeatus conch shell horn—excavated in 2018 by John Rick and a team from the UNESCO World Heritage archaeological site Chavín de Huántar, in Perú. You can read more about that research at the Chavín de Huántar Archaeological Acoustics project website. National Geographic Explorer Jahawi Bertolli is collecting the sounds of rock gongs from all over the African continent. Learn more about his rock project on Jahawi’s website. Flutist Anna Potengowski specializes in recreating the sounds of ancient flutes. You can hear more of her work on her Spotify page. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    Playback: A Skeptic's Guide to Loving Bats

    Playback: A Skeptic's Guide to Loving Bats
    Blood-sucking villains. Spooky specters of the night. Our views of bats are often based more on fiction than fact. Enter National Geographic Explorer at Large Rodrigo Medellín, aka the Bat Man of Mexico. For decades, he’s waged a charm offensive to show the world how much we need bats, from the clothes we wear to a sip of tequila at the end of a long day. The COVID-19 pandemic caused even more harmful bat myths and gave Medellín the biggest challenge of his career. In this episode originally published in 2021, learn why the world must once again realize that bats may not be the hero everyone wants—but they’re the hero we need. For more information on this episode, visit natgeo.com/overheard. Want more? See how Rodrigo uses a multi-pronged approach—involving field research, conservation, and tequila—to help protect bats.  In a Nat Geo short film, Rodrigo ventures into an ancient Mayan ruin to find two rare species of vampire bat. Curious about the connection between bats and Covid-19? Explore why it’s so tricky to trace the disease’s origins.   Also explore: Learn more about bats: They can be found nearly everywhere on Earth and range in size from lighter than a penny to a six-foot wingspan.    Why do bats get a bad rap? See how Spanish conquistadors and Dracula convinced us bats are more fright than friend.  Bat myths have real-world consequences. In Mauritius, a government campaign culled tens of thousands of endangered fruit bats.  For more bat info, follow Rodrigo on Instagram @batmanmedellin. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    How queer identity shapes Nat Geo Explorers

    How queer identity shapes Nat Geo Explorers
    Why would a scientist brave the stench of a car full of rotting meat on a 120-degree day? What can a unique whistling language teach us about humans’ connection to the natural world? And how does queer identity shape the research of National Geographic Explorers? In this episode celebrating Pride, we hand the mic to two Explorers: Christine Wilkinson, who studies hyenas and other large carnivores and created the TikTok series “Queer is Natural,” and Rüdiger Ortiz-Álvarez, whose soundscapes from the Canary Islands encourage us to slow down and listen to the world around us. For more information on this episode, visit natgeo.com/overheard. Want more? Why do some people prefer LGBTQIA+ instead of LGBT? See how society’s understanding of diverse sexual identities and gender expressions has grown more inclusive—and so has the acronym used to describe them. Before the Nazis rose to power, a German institute cemented itself as gay liberation’s epicenter. Discover the great hunt for the world's first LGBTQ archive. Although a large group of LGBTQ people celebrating their sexual orientation in public had been unthinkable just a few years before, the first Pride parades began in 1970 as marches commemorating the 1969 Stonewall uprising. See more National Geographic coverage of Pride at natgeo.com/Pride.  Also explore: Learn more about spotted hyenas, which live in female-led clans of up to 80 individuals. Practice your whistling and head to La Gomera in the Canary Islands, home to the Silbo Gomero whistling language and Garajonay National Park. Find Christine Wilkinson’s “Queer is Natural” series on her TikTok, @scrappynaturalist. And follow along with Rüdiger Ortiz-Álvarez on his Instagram, @rudigerortiz. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    A Mexican Wolf Pup’s Journey into the Wild

    A Mexican Wolf Pup’s Journey into the Wild
    For centuries, Mexican gray wolves roamed the Southwest. But as cattle ranches spread, wolves became enemy number one, and by the 1970s the subspecies was nearly extinct. But after the Endangered Species Act was passed, the U.S. embarked on an ambitious plan to save the iconic predators. We’ll meet the Texas trapper who switched from killing wolves to catching them to breed. And we’ll follow a team of biologists into the Gila Wilderness to introduce captive-born wolf pups into the wild. For more information on this episode, visit natgeo.com/overheard. Want more? Check out Peter Gwin's feature article on the Gila wilderness. Thinking of visiting the Gila yourself? We've put together a travel guide for you. Also Explore In 2021, a Mexican wolf named Mr. Goodbar crossed the border from Mexico into the United States, raising questions about how the border wall will affect animal migration. The Gila wilderness is also famous for one of the only venomous lizards in the world, the Gila monster. But climate change and human activity is threatening this charismatic reptile. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    Playback: Deep Inside the First Wilderness

    Playback: Deep Inside the First Wilderness
    On assignment in the canyons of the Gila Wilderness, Nat Geo photographer Katie Orlinsky has a fireside chat with Overheard host Peter Gwin about telling stories through pictures. She chronicles how she found her way—from growing up in New York City to covering workers' rights in rural Mexico to the world’s most grueling dogsled race in Alaska.  For more information on this episode, visit nationalgeographic.com/overheard. Want more? To see some of Katie's photos from the Gila, take a look at Peter Gwin's article How to visit the Gila Wilderness. In her work on the Yukon Quest sled dog race, you can see what it looks like to cross 1,000 miles of Alaska on dog power. On Katie’s personal website, you can see more images, including from her time in Juárez. Also explore: And magazine subscribers can see Katie’s photos in our recent story about thawing permafrost. Sometimes that thaw creates pockets of methane under frozen lakes that scientists test by setting on fire. That story was also featured in our podcast episode about how beavers are changing the Arctic. If you like what you hear and want to support more content like this, please consider a National Geographic subscription. Go to natgeo.com/exploremore to subscribe today.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

    She Sails the Seas Without Maps or Compasses

    She Sails the Seas Without Maps or Compasses
    For nearly 50 years, a group of Hawaiians have been sailing on traditional voyaging canoes using the methods that early Polynesian explorers relied on to navigate the Pacific Ocean—without maps and modern instruments, and relying on the stars, ocean waves, birds, and other natural elements to guide them. We meet National Geographic Explorer Lehua Kamalu, the first woman to captain a long-distance voyage on Hōkūleʻa, a double-hulled Polynesian canoe that was built in Hawaii in the 1970s. She describes what it’s like to navigate in incredibly rough waters, what it means to keep Polynesian navigation alive in the 21st century, and about her next big adventure: a four-year circumnavigation of the Pacific Ocean. For more information on this episode, visit natgeo.com/overheard. Want more? Learn about the Polynesian Voyaging Society and their upcoming voyage, Moananuiākea, a 47-month circumnavigation of the Pacific.  Read about Hōkūleʻa’s 2022 journey to Tahiti, which involved traveling 3,000 miles over three weeks.  Also explore:  A small number of people speak ‘ōlelo, Hawaii’s native language, which teetered on extinction during the mid-20th century. Learn about how some young Hawaiians are using TikTok and Instagram to make the language more accessible.  Hear Nat Geo Explorer Keolu Fox on a previous Overheard episode share how he’s working with Polynesian and Indigenous communities to study how their genomes have been shaped by history and colonialism, and how that data can help them reclaim land and improve health outcomes for their communities.  Visit National Geographic for more stories throughout Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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