Podcast Summary
Apple Card rewards and PopSugar Juntos benefits: Apple Card offers daily cashback with varying percentages, while PopSugar Juntos provides Latin culture content and Prime benefits
Apple Card offers daily cashback rewards with varying percentages depending on the method of purchase. Apple products purchased with Apple Pay earn 3% cashback, all other Apple Card purchases earn 2%, and all other transactions earn 1%. To calculate potential earnings, visit apple.co/cardcalculator. Meanwhile, at PopSugar Juntos, there's a wealth of Latin culture content to explore, including interviews with Latine creators, celebrity commentary, and exclusive music artist interviews. Prime members can access streaming and shopping benefits, with more information available at amazon.com/prime and popsugar.com/juntos. Diving into history, a chilling experiment at Yale University in 1961 involved volunteers receiving electric shocks for incorrect answers during a memory test. Bill Menold, a 25-year-old Connecticut man, participated in the study, which was disguised as a learning and memory experiment. The volunteers were instructed to play the roles of teacher and learner, with the learner being strapped into a chair and hooked up to wires in another room. The teacher's job was to quiz the learner on word pairs and administer electric shocks for incorrect answers. This study, which was intended to study the effects of punishment on learning, is now a significant piece of psychology and science history.
The Milgram Experiment: 65% obeyed orders to inflict pain: 65% of participants obeyed orders to give electric shocks despite their concerns, demonstrating the power of obedience to authority figures.
The Milgram Experiment, conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram at Yale University in the early 1960s, demonstrated the power of obedience to authority figures even when it meant administering electric shocks to an innocent person. Participants, who believed they were part of a learning and memory experiment, were instructed to keep increasing the shock levels when the learner gave incorrect answers. Bill Menold, one of the volunteers, felt disturbed and wanted to quit but was persuaded to continue with justifications like "the experiment requires it" and "it is absolutely essential." The study resulted in 65% of participants obeying the orders, leading to the headline "65% in test blindly obey order to inflict pain." The participants were not fully informed about the nature of the experiment, and the shock machine was used as a tool to manipulate obedience. This experiment continues to raise ethical concerns and questions about the limits of obedience to authority.
Obedience to Authority: Milgram's Experiments: People are more likely to obey authority figures and inflict pain on others than they might realize, as shown in Milgram's experiments where 65% of teachers administered maximum voltage despite learner's pleas.
Key takeaway from Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments is that people are more likely to obey authority figures and inflict pain on others, even if they believe it's wrong, than they might realize. Milgram conducted numerous variations of the experiment, and in the most famous version, 65% of teachers went on to administer the maximum voltage of 450 volts to the learner, despite hearing their cries and pleas for mercy. This illustrates the powerful influence of obedience to authority on human behavior. Milgram conducted 24 experiments in total, with an estimated 780 participants, and the results showed that obedience rates varied depending on factors like the presence or absence of peers, the location of the study, and the degree of physical presence of the authority figure. Overall, these experiments demonstrate the importance of understanding the role of obedience to authority in shaping human behavior and the potential for individuals to act against their moral instincts when under the influence of authority figures.
Milgram's obedience experiments: Following orders despite conscience: People tend to obey authority figures, even when it goes against their conscience, as shown in Milgram's experiments with electric shocks.
Milgram's infamous obedience experiments revealed that people are more likely to follow orders from an authority figure, even when it conflicts with their conscience. This conclusion was inspired by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, who argued that he was just following orders as a defense. Milgram's experiment, which involved participants delivering electric shocks to others, showed that this behavior isn't limited to specific cultures or psyches, but is a universal human tendency. The experiment, which was first conducted in 1961, involved 40 participants, but its results, particularly the variation where 65% of participants went to the maximum shock level, have been widely used to argue that humans have a dark side. However, it's important to note that this conclusion is based on a small sample size, and further research is needed to fully understand the complexities of human obedience and disobedience.
Apple Card rewards, Milgram experiments, and Pretty Litter: Apple Card offers varying rewards, Milgram experiments caused ethical concerns, and Pretty Litter simplifies cat health monitoring
The Apple Card rewards program offers varying percentages based on the method of purchase, with higher rewards for favorite items and Apple Pay purchases. Meanwhile, Milgram's infamous obedience experiments brought him both fame and controversy, with ethical concerns surrounding the experiments' impact on participants. Milgram claimed to have effectively debriefed and reassured volunteers, but evidence suggests otherwise. Despite this, the majority of participants reported feeling glad to have been involved. The Pretty Litter health monitoring litter, on the other hand, provides an easy and veterinarian-developed solution for monitoring a cat's health at home, potentially saving money and lives. In summary, Apple Card offers different reward percentages, Milgram's experiments sparked controversy, and Pretty Litter simplifies cat health monitoring.
Milgram Experiment's Hidden Truths: The Milgram experiment's official accounts did not fully capture the distressing nature of the situation for participants. Discrepancies between descriptions and recordings revealed coercive and bullying experimenters, and a more complex character of the experimenter than previously depicted.
Key takeaway from the discussion about the Milgram experiment is that the official accounts of the experiment did not fully capture the distressing nature of the situation for the participants. Bill, who shared his personal experience as a participant, described feeling confused and conflicted about whom to listen to during the experiment. Afterwards, he went to his neighbor's house out of concern for any potential harm he may have caused. Upon revisiting the archives, the speaker discovered significant discrepancies between Milgram's descriptions and the actual audio recordings of the experiments. The recordings revealed that the experimenters were far more coercive and bullying than previously depicted. Milgram described a rigorous and scientifically conducted experiment, but the recordings showed a more dramatic and distressing play where the experimenter often went beyond the prescribed prods to coerce participants into continuing. Additionally, the speakers noted that the experimenters were not always psychologists or affiliated with Yale, but rather ordinary men who answered ads in the paper. The experimenter, John Williams, was described as impassive and stern by Milgram, but the recordings revealed a more complex and nuanced character. Overall, the speaker's discovery of these discrepancies forced a reevaluation of the Milgram experiment and its implications.
The Milgram experiment's impact on Jim McDonough and his family: The Milgram experiment, exploring obedience to authority, had lasting effects on participants, particularly Jim McDonough, whose distressing sounds were remembered by his son decades later.
The Milgram experiment, which explored obedience to authority, had a profound impact on the participants, particularly the learner, Jim McDonough. McDonough, a 47-year-old auditor for a railroad company, was described by Milgram as an "excellent victim." Decades later, his son Bob shared that the video of the experiment and his father's distressing sounds were among his few memories of him. This highlights the emotional toll the experiment took on the participants and the potential long-term effects on their families. Milgram, inspired by the work of social psychologist Solomon Asch, aimed to add his unique perspective to the study of conformity. He was teaching at Yale around the same time as Philip Zimbardo, who conducted the infamous Stanford prison experiment. The experiments, while different in focus, both demonstrated the power dynamics and potential for harm in group settings. These experiments continue to shape our understanding of human behavior and the influence of authority and group dynamics.
Milgram's obedience experiments: More complex than they seem: While influential, Milgram's obedience experiments reveal the importance of considering the perspectives of participants and the complexities of human behavior.
Milgram's famous obedience experiments, which have been widely interpreted as demonstrating the power of authority and the capacity for individuals to inflict harm on others, may not tell the whole story. Critics have raised ethical concerns and pointed out the limitations of extrapolating laboratory findings to real-world situations. Gina Perry's research into the study revealed evidence of disobedience among participants, with many questioning the legitimacy of the experiment and refusing to continue when asked to administer potentially harmful shocks. Milgram himself acknowledged the ethical concerns and the distressing nature of the experiment for volunteers. Over the years, there have been debates about the validity and implications of the study, with some arguing that it was at odds with scientific principles and others emphasizing its relevance to understanding historical events like the Holocaust. The key takeaway is that while Milgram's experiments have been influential, it's important to consider the perspectives of the participants and the potential ambiguities and complexities of human behavior in research.
Reexamining the Milgram experiments: Despite initial findings suggesting people obey authority figures, a larger sample revealed most disobeyed, highlighting the importance of questioning authority and ethical principles.
The Milgram experiments, which were once believed to demonstrate the obedience of people to authority figures even at the expense of harming others, may have been misunderstood. When examining the behavior of a larger sample size of participants, it was found that most people disobeyed the instructions to administer electric shocks. This optimistic finding about human nature can be seen in the actual shock machine, now preserved in the history of American psychology. Visitors to the exhibition follow instructions carefully, and the machine, housed in a plexiglass box, remains a testament to the importance of questioning authority and standing up for ethical principles. This revelation, explored in Gina Perry's book "Behind the Shock Machine," challenges our understanding of these influential experiments and offers a more hopeful perspective on human behavior.
