Logo
    Search

    The two companies driving the modern economy

    enJuly 03, 2024

    Podcast Summary

    • Nvidia's successNvidia's success in AI scene is due to its founder Jensen Huang's intense involvement and ability to adapt to industry changes, setting it apart from competitors through chip designing and software development.

      Nvidia's success in the artificial intelligence scene can be attributed to its innovative approach and the singular involvement of its founder, Jensen Huang. Born out of a Denny's restaurant in San Jose in 1992, Nvidia started as a company focused on improving video games with specialized chips for rendering 3D graphics. Fast forward to today, and Nvidia's chips are the leading choice for AI developers, with sales and stock prices soaring. This success can be traced back to Jensen's intense involvement in every detail of the company and his ability to adapt to industry changes. Despite facing competition from other chip companies, Nvidia's combination of chip designing and software development has set it apart and made it a dominant player in the AI industry.

    • Nvidia's AI pivotJensen Huang's foresight and personal connections in the scientific community allowed Nvidia to pivot from a gaming company to a leader in AI technology, capitalizing on GPU power in AI training before its mainstream popularity.

      Jensen Huang's foresight and deep connections in the scientific community allowed Nvidia to pivot from a gaming company to a leader in AI and machine learning technology, starting with the launch of CUDA in the early 2000s. This was before the mainstream popularity of AI applications like voice recognition and driverless cars. Huang's personal relationships with key researchers and his understanding of the potential of GPU power in AI training were instrumental in Nvidia's success. The turning point came in 2012 when a team from the University of Toronto's AlexNet used GPUs to achieve significant improvements in image recognition, leading to billions of dollars in profits for social media companies. Nvidia's CUDA development system became a crucial advantage, enabling the growth of complex and powerful AI systems. The launch of OpenAI's ChatGPT in late 2022 marked the next significant milestone, raising public awareness and investment in AI, and solidifying Nvidia's position as a major player in the industry.

    • Nvidia's dominance, network effectsNvidia's dominance in AI and chip manufacturing is fueled by network effects and the widespread use of CUDA, but regulatory action may disrupt this cycle

      Nvidia's dominance in the tech industry, particularly in the field of AI and chip manufacturing, is due in part to network effects and the self-reinforcing cycle created by the widespread use of CUDA. Nvidia's success has also attracted attention from regulatory bodies, with the Department of Justice reportedly considering antitrust action. Morris Chang's story illustrates how personal obstacles and decisions can shape the global tech landscape. Born in China and Hong Kong, Chang came to the US to make money and eventually found success at Texas Instruments. However, his career stalled, leading him to Taiwan where he helped establish TSMC, the world's leading chip manufacturer. Despite its current success, Nvidia faces risks, as evidenced by its high stock price and the potential for regulatory action.

    • Manufacturing vs Design in SemiconductorsFocusing on manufacturing while outsourcing design revolutionized the semiconductor industry in Taiwan, leading to increased efficiency, innovation, and the creation of a major player in TSMC

      Morris Chang's decision to focus on manufacturing while outsourcing design to other companies revolutionized the semiconductor industry. The high cost of manufacturing in the US and the abundance of skilled labor and resources in Taiwan led Chang to found Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) in 1987. TSMC's business model of only manufacturing chips for other companies allowed it to serve a large customer base and become a major player in the industry. This separation of manufacturing and design led to increased efficiency and innovation in the semiconductor industry. Despite facing discrimination and being unable to become CEO at Texas Instruments due to his race, Chang's leadership and vision led to the creation of a tech powerhouse in Taiwan.

    • Globalization and Chip ManufacturingGlobalization has enabled entrepreneurial success in Silicon Valley but also poses challenges for national security and economic self-sufficiency. The CHIPS Act aims to revitalize chip manufacturing in the US, but its effectiveness is uncertain due to high costs and timing.

      The globalization of semiconductor manufacturing, represented by TSMC's dominance, has allowed entrepreneurial dreams in Silicon Valley to come true, but also poses challenges for national security and economic self-sufficiency. The CHIPS Act, aimed at revitalizing chip manufacturing in the US, may not be as effective as past efforts due to the high costs and timing involved. Meanwhile, the success story of the first national budget airline shows how competition and innovation can transform industries. In essence, these stories highlight the complex interplay between globalization, entrepreneurship, and government intervention in shaping industries and economies.

    Recent Episodes from Planet Money

    How flying got so bad (or did it?)

    How flying got so bad (or did it?)
    We often hear that air travel is worse than it's ever been. Gone are the days when airplanes touted piano bars and meat carving stations — or even free meals. Instead we're crammed into tiny seats and fighting for overhead space.

    How did we get here? Most of the inconveniences we think about when we fly can be traced back to the period of time just after the federal government deregulated the airlines.

    When commercial air travel took off in the 1940s, the government regulated how many national airlines were allowed to exist, where they were allowed to fly, and how much they could charge for tickets. But the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 swept all these restrictions aside – and stopped providing subsidies for the air carriers. Airlines had to compete on ticket prices. That competition led to a more bare-bones flying experience, but it also made air travel a lot more affordable.

    In this episode, we trace the evolution of air travel over the past century to discover whether flying really is worse today — or if it's actually better than ever. We'll board a plane from the "golden age" of air travel, hear the history of one of the original budget airlines and meet feuding airline CEOs. Along the way, we'll see how economic forces have shaped the airline industry into what it is today, and what role we, as consumers, have played.

    Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy
    Planet Money
    enJuly 05, 2024

    The two companies driving the modern economy

    The two companies driving the modern economy
    At the core of most of the electronics we use today are some very tiny, very powerful chips. Semiconductor chips. And they are mighty: they help power our phones, laptops, and cars. They enable advances in healthcare, military systems, transportation, and clean energy. And they're also critical for artificial intelligence, providing the hardware needed to train complex machine learning.

    On today's episode, we're bringing you two stories from our daily show The Indicator, diving into the two most important semiconductor chip companies, which have transformed the industry over the past 40 years.

    First, we trace NVIDIA's journey from making niche graphics cards for gaming to making the most advanced chips in the world — and briefly becoming the world's biggest company. Next, we see how the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company's decision to manufacture chips for its competition instead of itself flipped the entire industry on its head, and moved the vast majority of the world's advanced chip production to Taiwan.

    Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episode about NVIDIA by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Always free at these links:
    Apple Podcasts, Spotify, the NPR app or anywhere you get podcasts.

    Find more Planet Money:
    Facebook / Instagram / TikTok / Our weekly Newsletter.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy
    Planet Money
    enJuly 03, 2024

    Do immigrants really take jobs and lower wages?

    Do immigrants really take jobs and lower wages?
    We wade into the heated debate over immigrants' impact on the labor market. When the number of workers in a city increases, does that take away jobs from the people who already live and work there? Does a surge of immigration hurt their wages?

    The debate within the field of economics often centers on Nobel-prize winner David Card's ground-breaking paper, "The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market." Today on the show: the fight over that paper, and what it tells us about the debate over immigration.

    More Listening:
    - When The Boats Arrive
    - The Men on the Roof

    This episode was hosted by Amanda Aronczyk and Jeff Guo. It was produced by Willa Rubin, edited by Annie Brown, and engineered by Valentina Rodríguez Sánchez. Fact-checking by Sierra Juarez. Alex Goldmark is Planet Money's executive producer.

    Help support
    Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy

    Planet Money
    enJune 29, 2024

    The Carriage Tax (Update)

    The Carriage Tax (Update)
    (Note: A version of this episode originally ran in 2019.)

    In 1794, George Washington decided to raise money for the federal government by taxing the rich. He did it by putting a tax on horse-drawn carriages.

    The carriage tax could be considered the first federal wealth tax of the United States. It led to a huge fight over the power to tax in the U.S. Constitution, a fight that continues today.

    Listen back to our 2019 episode: "Could A Wealth Tax Work?"

    Listen to The Indicator's 2023 episode: "Could SCOTUS outlaw wealth taxes?"

    This episode was hosted by Greg Rosalsky and Bryant Urstadt. It was originally produced by Nick Fountain and Liza Yeager, with help from Sarah Gonzalez. Today's update was produced by Willa Rubin and edited by Molly Messick and our executive producer, Alex Goldmark.

    Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+
    in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy
    Planet Money
    enJune 26, 2024

    The Vapes of Wrath

    The Vapes of Wrath
    When the vape brand Juul first hit the market back in 2015, e-cigarettes were in a kind of regulatory limbo. At the time, the rules that governed tobacco cigarettes did not explicitly apply to e-cigarettes. Then Juul blew up, fueled a public health crisis over teen vaping, and inspired a regulatory crackdown. But when the government finally stepped in to solve the problem of youth vaping, it may have actually made things worse.

    Today's episode is a collaboration with the new podcast series "Backfired: the Vaping Wars." You can listen to the full series at audible.com/Backfired.

    This episode was hosted by Alexi Horowitz-Ghazi and Leon Neyfakh. It was produced by Emma Peaslee and edited by Jess Jiang with help from Annie Brown. It was fact checked by Sofia Shchukina and engineered by Cena Loffredo. Alex Goldmark is Planet Money's executive producer.

    Help support
    Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy
    Planet Money
    enJune 21, 2024

    Why is everyone talking about Musk's money?

    Why is everyone talking about Musk's money?
    We've lived amongst Elon Musk headlines for so long now that it's easy to forget just how much he sounds like a sci-fi character. He runs a space company and wants to colonize mars. He also runs a company that just implanted a computer chip into a human brain. And he believes there's a pretty high probability everything is a simulation and we are living inside of it.

    But the latest Elon Musk headline-grabbing drama is less something out of sci-fi, and more something pulled from HBO's "Succession."

    Elon Musk helped take Tesla from the brink of bankruptcy to one of the biggest companies in the world. And his compensation for that was an unprecedentedly large pay package that turned him into the richest person on Earth. But a judge made a decision about that pay package that set off a chain of events resulting in quite possibly the most expensive, highest stakes vote in publicly traded company history.

    The ensuing battle over Musk's compensation is not just another wild Elon tale. It's a lesson in how to motivate the people running the biggest companies that – like it or not – are shaping our world. It's a classic economics problem with a very 2024 twist.

    Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy
    Planet Money
    enJune 19, 2024

    What's with all the tiny soda cans? And other grocery store mysteries, solved.

    What's with all the tiny soda cans? And other grocery store mysteries, solved.
    There's a behind the scenes industry that helps big brands decide questions like: How big should a bag of chips be? What's the right size for a bottle of shampoo? And yes, also: When should a company do a little shrinkflation?

    From Cookie Monster to President Biden, everybody is complaining about shrinkflation these days. But when we asked the packaging and pricing experts, they told us that shrinkflation is just one move in a much larger, much weirder 4-D chess game.

    The name of that game is "price pack architecture." This is the idea that you shouldn't just sell your product in one or two sizes. You should sell your product in a whole range of different sizes, at a whole range of different price points. Over the past 15 years, price pack architecture has completely changed how products are marketed and sold in the United States.

    Today, we are going on a shopping cart ride-along with one of those price pack architects. She's going to pull back the curtain and show us why some products are getting larger while others are getting smaller, and tell us about the adorable little soda can that started it all.

    By the end of the episode, you'll never look at a grocery store the same way again.

    Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy
    Planet Money
    enJune 14, 2024

    Bringing a tariff to a graphite fight

    Bringing a tariff to a graphite fight
    Graphite is sort of the one-hit wonder of minerals. And that hit? Pencils. Everyone loves to talk about pencils when it comes to graphite. If graphite were to perform a concert, they'd close out the show with "pencils," and everyone would clap and cheer. But true fans of graphite would be shouting out "batteries!" Because graphite is a key ingredient in another important thing that we all use in our everyday lives: lithium ion batteries.

    Almost all of the battery-ready graphite in the world comes from one place: China. That's actually true of lots of the materials that go into batteries, like processed lithium and processed cobalt. Which is why it was such a big deal when, earlier this year, President Biden announced a tariff package that will make a bunch of Chinese imports more expensive. Included in this package are some tariffs on Chinese graphite. He wants to create a new battery future—one that doesn't rely so much on China.

    In this episode, we get down on the ground to look at this big supply chain story through the lens of one critical mineral. And we visit a small town that realizes that it might be the perfect place to create an American graphite industry. And we find that declaring a new battery future is one thing, but making it happen is another thing entirely.

    Help support
    Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy

    Planet Money
    enJune 12, 2024

    How much national debt is too much?

    How much national debt is too much?
    Most economic textbooks will tell you that there can be real dangers in running up a big national debt. A major concern is how the debt you add now could slow down economic growth in the future. Economists have not been able to nail down how much debt a country can safely take on. But they have tried.

    Back in 2010, two economists took a look at 20 countries over the course of decades, and sometimes centuries, and came back with a number. Their analysis suggested that economic growth slowed significantly once national debt passed 90% of annual GDP... and that is when the fight over debt and growth really took off.

    On today's episode: a deep dive on what we know, and what we don't know, about when exactly national debt becomes a problem. We will also try to figure out how worried we should be about the United States' current debt total of 26 trillion dollars.

    This episode was hosted by Keith Romer and Nick Fountain. It was produced by Willa Rubin and edited by Molly Messick. It was fact-checked by Sierra Juarez with help from Sofia Shchukina and engineered by Cena Loffredo. Alex Goldmark is Planet Money's executive producer.

    Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+
    in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy
    Planet Money
    enJune 07, 2024

    The history of light (classic)

    The history of light (classic)
    For thousands of years, getting light was a huge hassle. You had to make candles from scratch. This is not as romantic as it sounds. You had to get a cow, raise the cow, feed the cow, kill the cow, get the fat out of the cow, cook the fat, dip wicks into the fat. All that--for not very much light. Now, if we want to light a whole room, we just flip a switch.

    The history of light explains why the world today is the way it is. It explains why we aren't all subsistence farmers, and why we can afford to have artists and massage therapists and plumbers. (And, yes, people who make podcasts about the history of light.) The history of light is the history of economic growth--of things getting faster, cheaper, and more efficient.

    On today's show: How we got from dim little candles made out of cow fat, to as much light as we want at the flick of a switch.

    Today's show was hosted by Jacob Goldstein and David Kestenbaum. It was originally produced by Caitlin Kenney and Damiano Marchetti. Today's rerun was produced by James Sneed, and edited by Jenny Lawton. It was fact-checked by Sierra Juarez. Engineering by Valentina Rodríguez Sánchez. Alex Goldmark is Planet Money's executive producer.

    Help support Planet Money and hear our bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+
    in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

    Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices

    NPR Privacy Policy
    Planet Money
    enJune 05, 2024