Treaty with the Chippewa, 1819

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saginaw
2. Quebec Act 1774
3. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-act
4. Sosin, J.M., ed. (1969). The Opening of the West. Harper & Row, New York. 
5. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pontiacs-war-feature
6. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-ghent
7. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-company
8. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hudsons-Bay-Company
9. Hallowell, A.I. (1992). The Ojibwa of Berens River, Manitoba: Ethnography into History. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, Toronto. 
10. https://freesound.org/people/B0N3ZII/sounds/719121/
11. https://freesound.org/people/derplayer/sounds/587171/

Who was involved in the creation of the Canada-USA International Border? 
References

1. Treaty of 1818 - Wikipedia
2. Albert Gallatin - Wikipedia
3. United States House Committee on Ways and Means - Wikipedia
4. Richard Rush - Wikipedia
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush–Bagot_Treaty
6. F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich - Wikipedia
7. Henry Goulburn - Wikipedia
8. Secretary of State for War and the Colonies - Wikipedia
9. Secretary of State for the Colonies - Wikipedia
10. Border Crossing Issues and the Jay Treaty
11. Report on First Nation border crossing issues
12. The Borderline: Indigenous Communities on the International Frontier
13. Blackfoot Confederacy | The Canadian Encyclopedia
14. The British Columbia Triangle: Part 3/6 – Indian Legends of the Interior Plateau | Canada History and Mystery
15. Balkanize Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
16. https://web.archive.org/web/20090411212640/http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/ca_us/en/cus.1818.15.en.html
17. Chippewa Travellers - round dance

His name is synonymous  with "hard work" and "ingenuity." But what did it take for him to be successful in Illinois?

References:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s
2. https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1836
3. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/convention-of-1818
4. https://www.deere.com/en/our-company/history/
5. https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Hawk-War/Indian-removal-and-growing-tensions-in-Illinois
6. http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1825-1830-Multinational
7. http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/timeline
8. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/how-electricity-is-generated.php
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien
11. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/upper-canada-land-surrenders
12. https://www.britannica.com/place/Illinois-state/History
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)
14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War
15. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada
16. https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1370372152585/1581293792285#ucls15
17. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/family-compact
18. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/robinson-huron-superior-annual-payments-legal-interpretation-1.7020155
19. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/treaty-nine-lawsuit-1.6822266
20. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mica-bay-incident
21. http://csinvesting.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/340444245-Munger-2017-DJCO-Transcript.pdf
22. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/rG0U8Uo1-Es
23. Beethoven 9 - Chicago Symphony Orchestra - Riccardo Muti

References

1. McNeilly, G. (2018). Broken Trust: Indigenous People and the Thunder Bay Police Service. Systemic Review. Retrieved from https://oiprd.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/OIPRD-BrokenTrust-Final-Accessible-E.pdf
2. Porter, J. (2015). Deep Water. Audio Documentary. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2686264208
3. Talaga, T. (2017). Seven Fallen Feathers: Racism, Death and Hard Truths in a Northern City. House of Anansi Press.  
4. Investigated foster homes didn’t close them until Tammy Keeash died | APTN NationToNation 
5. Racism and Death in Thunder Bay
6. Conan The Barbarian - The Wheel of Pain (1982 HD)
7. Conan the Barbarian (2/9) Movie CLIP - Conan the Gladiator (1982) HD

Why do we discuss treaties so much? It's because knowing the treaties helps us  to understand what was happening at the time and how it relates to modern boundaries and politics.

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1814_treaties
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville_(1814)
3. http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1825-1830-Multinational
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Simcoe–Lake_Huron_Purchase
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Portage_des_Sioux
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1816)
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien
10. Waiser, B. (2005). Saskatchewan: A New History. Fifth House, Ltd. Calgary. 

YouTube

1. A push for roadside signs to mark treaty boundaries | APTN News
2. Dakota Exile | Full Documentary

Why do we have "Truth and Reconciliation Day"?


Sol Mamakwa -> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vIIzjOkQdk&t=310s
Local News Radio -> https://www.rock94.com

After the War of 1812 and before the Trail of Tears. What happened?

References

1. Skeen, C Edward. (2003). 1816: America Rising. University Press of Kentucky.
2. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-canadian-border-established
3. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/convention-of-1818
4. https://www.american-historama.org/1801-1828-evolution/1818-convention-49th-parallel.htm
5. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/upper-canada-land-surrenders
6. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-ghent
7. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/florida
8. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/napoleonic-wars
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien

SFX

1. Peabody's Improbable History - The Royal Mounted Police
2. Woody Guthrie- This Land Is Your Land

Why is there a claim and why is it worth $95 Billion?



References

1. https://www.snnewswatch.com/local-news/group-of-treaty-9-communities-to-launch-legal-actions-against-feds-province-6909684
2. 2023-04-26_NH0426_Clip01_Treaty9Suit
3. Canadian PM Justin Trudeau on Banks, Climate, China, Russia
4. https://rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028863/1581293189896
5. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript
6. Long, John S. (2010). Treaty No.9: Making the Agreement to Share the Land in Far Northern Ontario in 1905. McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Seneca legend from the book "Star Songs and Water Spirits: a Great Lakes Reader," edited by Victoria Brehm (2011, p120, Ladyslipper Press, Michigan). The legend was documented in 1923 and told by Gawasowaneh (Big Snowflake, Arthur C. Parker, b1881-d1955).

From "Sacred Legends of the Sandy Lake Cree," by James Stevens, 1971, (McLelland and Stewart Ltd, Toronto, p.82).