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    278 | Kieran Healy on the Technology of Ranking People

    enJune 10, 2024
    What does the term 'ordinal society' refer to?
    How has technology influenced ranking and classification in society?
    What challenges does ordinality pose to individual privacy?
    How do companies profit from user data collection?
    What are the potential costs of avoiding technological systems?

    Podcast Summary

    • Ordinal SocietyWe live in a society that heavily relies on ranking and classifying people and things, facilitated by technological advancements, which raises concerns for privacy and autonomy.

      We live in an "ordinal society" where people and things are ranked and classified in increasingly sophisticated ways due to technological advancements. This paradigm shift, which is rooted in the idea of measurement and ranking, has permeated various social institutions and transformed how we organize and interact with the world. While ranking and ordering people is not a new concept, the ability to do so on a massive scale and with unprecedented precision is a relatively recent development. The Ordinal Society, as discussed in the book by Marion Foucault and Kieran Healy, explores the implications of this trend and the challenges it poses to individual privacy and autonomy. The authors argue that understanding the nature and implications of ordinality is crucial for navigating the complexities of the modern world.

    • Digital Footprints and ClassificationsDigital footprints reveal hidden categories about us that can influence self-perception and social situation, but concerns arise about privacy and accuracy of these classifications

      Our digital footprints, which are increasingly being used to classify and rank individuals, reveal categories about us that we may not be aware of. These classifications, derived from behavioral data, carry significant legitimacy and can influence our perception of ourselves and our social situation. The line between our self-perception and the corporation's image of us is becoming blurred, raising concerns about privacy and agency in the digital age. The expansion of real-time data collection and granularity has transformed the way we understand and categorize social life, with machines taking on the role of carving nature at its joints, as Plato once put it. However, the challenge lies in ensuring that these classifications accurately reflect reality and do not unfairly position individuals within them.

    • Data Collection ChallengesThe implementation of data collection and access for personalized experiences and verification purposes is complex, with both benefits and drawbacks, and has been met with disappointment when reality doesn't align with ideal projections.

      While there is a strong push for organizations to collect and authenticate granular data about individuals for personalized experiences and verification purposes, the practical implementation of this data collection and access remains challenging. The expectations of a free-for-all digital frontier in the early days of the internet were met with disappointment as the reality of ranking, status, and control emerged. People often project their desires for an ideal world onto new technologies, leading to disappointment when the reality doesn't align. Despite the challenges, institutions have successfully implemented data-driven systems such as credit scores, which have expanded beyond their initial intended use. Ultimately, the collection and use of personal data is a complex issue with both benefits and drawbacks, requiring careful consideration and balance.

    • Technology concentrationThe concentration of technology infrastructure in the hands of a few companies raises concerns about privacy and control, and the monetization of user data may lead to issues with accessibility and control in areas like AI-generated content

      The convenience and sociability offered by technology have often led to the concentration of infrastructure in the hands of a few companies, raising concerns about privacy and control. The initial excitement and delight of new technologies often give way to challenges as organizations seek to monetize the data generated by users. For instance, the web's transition from a decentralized platform to a more platformized one saw the emergence of dominant players like Google and Apple. Similarly, large language models like OpenAI are now generating AI-output that may replace human-generated content in public spaces, potentially leading to issues with accessibility and control. It's crucial to consider these patterns as we navigate the ongoing developments in artificial intelligence and other technologies.

    • Data Collection and IdentityThe widespread use of technology for monitoring and collecting data has led to new ways of thinking about identity and privacy for individuals, and opened up opportunities for organizations to generate income and create more personalized products and services.

      The widespread use of technology for monitoring and collecting data has fundamentally changed how we live and interact socially, as well as how organizations operate. The volume of data available has expanded significantly, leading to new ways of thinking about identity and visibility online. For individuals, this has implications for how they view themselves and their privacy. For organizations, the collection of data has opened up new opportunities for generating income through financialization and creating more personalized products and services. For example, car insurance could become more individualized, with pricing based on driving behavior, and manufacturers could become providers of market intelligence. This trend towards more granular data collection fits well with the finance industry's desire for abstracted, layered products and services. However, it also raises questions about privacy and the potential for discrimination based on individual data. Overall, the use of technology for monitoring and collecting data has brought about significant changes in various aspects of our lives and will continue to shape the future.

    • Data-driven servicesCompanies are shifting focus from manufacturing hardware to providing data-driven services and collecting user data, seen in various industries from car manufacturing to gaming and appliances.

      Companies are increasingly turning their most profitable divisions from manufacturing hardware to providing services and collecting user data. This trend is seen in various industries, from car manufacturing to gaming consoles and appliances. For instance, car manufacturers are recognizing the potential of transforming their finance branches into profitable divisions. In the gaming industry, multiplayer games rely on subscriptions, server communication, and user data collection for rankings and matchmaking. Even appliances like refrigerators are starting to collect data and offer personalized shopping suggestions. Companies like Apple, once known for making hardware, now derive significant growth from services and subscriptions. While individuals can take steps to protect their data, the broader institutional phenomena involve the collection, measurement, and stratification of individuals within these systems. Avoiding these systems entirely comes with its own costs, as it may lead to exclusion from society and culture.

    • Data-driven classification and rankingData-driven classification and ranking systems can significantly impact our social status and opportunities, but their efficiency and power can also lead to feelings of disconnection and sadness

      Our digital representation through data, or eigencapital, is increasingly determining our social status and opportunities in various aspects of life, from banking to healthcare and education. This data-driven classification and ranking system can have significant consequences, from financial costs to social judgments, and people are increasingly accepting this as a condition of entry into society. However, the efficiency and power of these systems can also make us feel disconnected and sad, as we may not feel we're getting a good deal or human response. Despite the potential for misclassification and bias, the cultural logic of these systems often frames our experiences as personal choices and decisions, blurring the lines between objective and subjective judgments. The struggle for control and fairness in these systems is a complex issue, as those who benefit and those who are subjected to them differ. The connectivity and efficiency of these systems, while powerful, can also lead to a sense of being trapped and unable to get a good deal or human connection.

    • Interstitial libertyThe loss of interstitial liberty, the ability to start anew or move through society without being easily traceable, is a concern as institutions become more interconnected and efficient. However, human systems are messy and prone to overflowing their boundaries, leaving room for new ways of organizing things.

      As our institutions become more interconnected and efficient, we may gain personalized experiences but lose the freedom that comes from the friction between them. This interstitial liberty, the ability to start anew or move through society without being easily traceable, is increasingly difficult to find. However, the speakers remind us that human systems are inherently messy and prone to overflowing their boundaries. The future is uncertain, but we're not stuck in our current way of organizing things. New things will come along, and it's up to us to shape them. A downside of resisting incorporation into systems is receiving irrelevant or unwanted content, like terrible ads, but it's a trade-off many are willing to make.

    Recent Episodes from Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas

    AMA | September 2024

    AMA | September 2024

    Welcome to the September 2024 Ask Me Anything episode of Mindscape! These monthly excursions are funded by Patreon supporters (who are also the ones asking the questions). We take questions asked by Patreons, whittle them down to a more manageable number -- based primarily on whether I have anything interesting to say about them, not whether the questions themselves are good -- and sometimes group them together if they are about a similar topic. Enjoy!

    Blog post with AMA questions and transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/09/02/ama-september-2024/

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    287 | Jean-Paul Faguet on Institutions and the Legacy of History

    287 | Jean-Paul Faguet on Institutions and the Legacy of History

    One common feature of complex systems is sensitive dependence on initial conditions: a small change in how systems begin evolving can lead to large differences in their later behavior. In the social sphere, this is a way of saying that history matters. But it can be hard to quantify how much certain specific historical events have affected contemporary conditions, because the number of variables is so large and their impacts are so interdependent. Political economist Jean-Paul Faguet and collaborators have examined one case where we can closely measure the impact today of events from centuries ago: how Colombian communities are still affected by 16th-century encomienda, a colonial forced-labor institution. We talk about this and other examples of the legacy of history.

    Support Mindscape on Patreon.

    Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/08/26/287-jean-paul-faguet-on-institutions-and-the-legacy-of-history/

    Jean-Paul Faguet received a Ph.D. in Political Economy and an M.Sc. in Economics from the London School of Economics, and an Master of Public Policy from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. He is currently Professor of the Political Economy of Development at LSE. He serves as the Chair of the Decentralization Task Force for the Initiative for Policy Dialogue. Among his awards are the W.J.M. Mackenzie Prize for best political science book.


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    286 | Blaise Agüera y Arcas on the Emergence of Replication and Computation

    286 | Blaise Agüera y Arcas on the Emergence of Replication and Computation

    Understanding how life began on Earth involves questions of chemistry, geology, planetary science, physics, and more. But the question of how random processes lead to organized, self-replicating, information-bearing systems is a more general one. That question can be addressed in an idealized world of computer code, initialized with random sequences and left to run. Starting with many such random systems, and allowing them to mutate and interact, will we end up with "lifelike," self-replicating programs? A new paper by Blaise Agüera y Arcas and collaborators suggests that the answer is yes. This raises interesting questions about whether computation is an attractor in the space of relevant dynamical processes, with implications for the origin and ubiquity of life.

    Support Mindscape on Patreon.

    Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/08/19/286-blaise-aguera-y-arcas-on-the-emergence-of-replication-and-computation/

    Blaise Agüera y Arcas received a B.A. in physics from Princeton University. He is currently a vice-president of engineering at Google, leader of the Cerebra team, and a member of the Paradigms of Intelligence team. He is the author of the books Ubi Sunt and Who Are We Now?, and the upcoming What Is Intelligence?


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    285 | Nate Silver on Prediction, Risk, and Rationality

    285 | Nate Silver on Prediction, Risk, and Rationality

    Being rational necessarily involves engagement with probability. Given two possible courses of action, it can be rational to prefer the one that could possibly result in a worse outcome, if there's also a substantial probability for an even better outcome. But one's attitude toward risk -- averse, tolerant, or even seeking -- also matters. Do we work to avoid the worse possible outcome, even if there is potential for enormous reward? Nate Silver has long thought about probability and prediction, from sports to politics to professional poker. In his his new book On The Edge: The Art of Risking Everything, Silver examines a set of traits characterizing people who welcome risks.

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    Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/08/12/285-nate-silver-on-prediction-risk-and-rationality/

    Nate Silver received a B.A. in economics from the University of Chicago. He worked as a baseball analyst, developing the PECOTA statistical system (Player Empirical Comparison and Optimization Test Algorithm). He later founded the FiveThirtyEight political polling analysis site. His first book, The Signal and the Noise, was awarded the Phi Beta Kappa Society Book Award in Science. He is the co-host (with Maria Konnikova) of the Risky Business podcast.


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    AMA | August 2024

    AMA | August 2024

    Welcome to the August 2024 Ask Me Anything episode of Mindscape! These monthly excursions are funded by Patreon supporters (who are also the ones asking the questions). We take questions asked by Patreons, whittle them down to a more manageable number -- based primarily on whether I have anything interesting to say about them, not whether the questions themselves are good -- and sometimes group them together if they are about a similar topic. Enjoy!

    Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/08/05/ama-august-2024/

    Support Mindscape on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/seanmcarroll

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    284 | Doris Tsao on How the Brain Turns Vision Into the World

    284 | Doris Tsao on How the Brain Turns Vision Into the World

    The human brain does a pretty amazing job of taking in a huge amount of data from multiple sensory modalities -- vision, hearing, smell, etc. -- and constructing a coherent picture of the world, constantly being updated in real time. (Although perhaps in discrete moments, rather than continuously, as we learn in this podcast...) We're a long way from completely understanding how that works, but amazing progress has been made in identifying specific parts of the brain with specific functions in this process. Today we talk to leading neuroscientist Doris Tsao about the specific workings of vision, from how we recognize faces to how we construct a model of the world around us.

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    Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/07/29/284-doris-tsao-on-how-the-brain-turns-vision-into-the-world/

    Doris Tsao received her Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard University. She is currently a professor of molecular and cell biology, and a member of the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, at the University of California, Berkeley. Among her awards are a MacArthur Fellowship, membership in the National Academy of Sciences, the Eppendorf and Science International Prize in Neurobiology, the National Institutes of Health Director’s Pioneer Award, the Golden Brain Award from the Minerva Foundation, the Perl-UNC Neuroscience Prize, and the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience.

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    283 | Daron Acemoglu on Technology, Inequality, and Power

    283 | Daron Acemoglu on Technology, Inequality, and Power

    Change is scary. But sometimes it can all work out for the best. There's no guarantee of that, however, even when the change in question involves the introduction of a powerful new technology. Today's guest, Daron Acemoglu, is a political economist who has long thought about the relationship between economics and political institutions. In his most recent book (with Simon Johnson), Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity, he looks at how technological innovations affect the economic lives of ordinary people. We talk about how such effects are often for the worse, at least to start out, until better institutions are able to eventually spread the benefits more broadly.

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    Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/07/22/283-daron-acemoglu-on-technology-inequality-and-power/

    Daron Acemoglu received a Ph.D. in economics from the London School of Economics. He is currently Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Econometric Society. Among his awards are the John Bates Clark Medal and the Nemmers Prize in Economics. In 2015, he was named the most cited economist of the past 10 years.


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    282 | Joel David Hamkins on Puzzles of Reality and Infinity

    282 | Joel David Hamkins on Puzzles of Reality and Infinity

    The philosophy of mathematics would be so much easier if it weren't for infinity. The concept seems natural, but taking it seriously opens the door to counterintuitive results. As mathematician and philosopher Joel David Hamkins says in this conversation, when we say that the natural numbers are "0, 1, 2, 3, and so on," that "and so on" is hopelessly vague. We talk about different ways to think about the puzzles of infinity, how they might be resolved, and implications for mathematical realism.

    Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/07/15/282-joel-david-hamkins-on-puzzles-of-reality-and-infinity/

    Support Mindscape on Patreon.

    Joel David Hamkins received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently the John Cardinal O'Hara Professor of Logic at the University of Notre Dame. He is a pioneer of the idea of the set theory multiverse. He is the top-rated user by reputation score on MathOverflow. He is currently working on The Book of Infinity, to be published by MIT Press.


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    Ask Me Anything | July 2024

    Ask Me Anything | July 2024

    Welcome to the July 2024 Ask Me Anything episode of Mindscape! These monthly excursions are funded by Patreon supporters (who are also the ones asking the questions). We take questions asked by Patreons, whittle them down to a more manageable number -- based primarily on whether I have anything interesting to say about them, not whether the questions themselves are good -- and sometimes group them together if they are about a similar topic. Enjoy!

    Blog post with questions and transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/07/08/ama-july-2024/

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    281 | Samir Okasha on the Philosophy of Agency and Evolution

    281 | Samir Okasha on the Philosophy of Agency and Evolution

    Just like with physics, in biology it is perfectly possible to do most respectable work without thinking much about philosophy, but there are unmistakably foundational questions where philosophy becomes crucial. When do we say that a collection of matter (or bits) is alive? When does it become an agent, capable of making decisions? What are the origins of morality and altruistic behavior? We talk with one of the world's leading experts, Samir Okasha, about the biggest issues in modern philosophy of biology.

    Support Mindscape on Patreon.

    Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/07/01/281-samir-okasha-on-the-philosophy-of-agency-and-evolution/

    Samir Okasha received his D.Phil. in Philosophy from the University of Oxford. He is currently Professor of the Philosophy of Science at the University of Bristol. He is a winner of the Lakatos Award for his book Evolution and the Levels of Selection, and is a Fellow of the British Academy.


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