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    • Personalized comfort and affordabilityThe Sleep Number smart bed offers customizable comfort and temperature settings, while Mint Mobile aims to make communication affordable. Ongoing research continues to uncover new insights about butterflies and their populations.

      Quality sleep is a priority and there are solutions available to help individuals achieve it. The Sleep Number smart bed, for instance, offers customizable comfort levels and temperature settings to cater to each person's unique sleep needs. On the other hand, Mint Mobile, a mobile phone service provider, aims to make communication affordable by lowering its prices in response to inflation. Meanwhile, nine-year-old Bethan posed an intriguing question: how many butterflies exist in the world? Despite extensive research, it was challenging to find a definitive answer due to the vast number of butterfly species and the difficulty in accurately estimating their populations. However, Professor Jane Hill, a lepidopterist from the University of York, shared her passion for butterflies and the ongoing efforts to better understand their populations and habitats. In essence, this discussion highlights the importance of personalized comfort and affordability, as well as the ongoing research and dedication required to answer some of life's most intriguing questions.

    • Estimating the Total Number of Butterflies on EarthApprox. 18,000 butterfly species, but total population is an estimate, with past attempts suggesting a quintillion insects including butterflies.

      Despite our best efforts, we don't have an exact number for the total population of butterflies on Earth. However, we do know that there are approximately 18,000 species of butterflies. In the past, scientists have attempted to calculate the global total number of insects, including butterflies, based on local observations and assumptions. For instance, a scientist named CB Williams, who lived in the UK, estimated that there were 10 to the power of 18 individual insects on the planet. This is a massive number, equivalent to a quintillion. However, Williams' calculations were based on several assumptions and were not meant to be definitive. Therefore, while we can make educated guesses based on available data, the exact number of butterflies remains an estimate. It's important to remember that these estimates are not meant to be final, but rather to encourage ongoing research and discussion in the field.

    • Estimating the Total Number of ButterfliesDespite efforts to estimate butterfly populations, accurate numbers remain elusive due to the varying rarity of species and changes in habitat. Transect surveys in the UK provide an imperfect estimate of 1.38 trillion butterflies during peak summer in 2022.

      While we have a better understanding of the number of butterfly species today than in the past, estimating the total number of individual butterflies is a complex task. CB Williams attempted to estimate the total number of butterflies based on the known number of species and assuming an average number per species. However, this oversimplification doesn't account for the varying rarity of different species or changes in habitat. A more accurate estimation is being done through transect surveys in the UK, where observers record the number of butterflies they see during weekly walks along the same route throughout the summer. Using data from these surveys, it was estimated that there were approximately 1.38 trillion butterflies in the UK during the peak of the summer in 2022. However, this is an imperfect estimate due to limitations in the survey size and methodology.

    • UK's Big Butterfly Count data not enough to determine global butterfly populationThe UK's Big Butterfly Count data, despite estimating 1.38 trillion butterflies, cannot accurately determine the global butterfly population due to significant differences in species and habitats.

      The whole world's butterfly population cannot be accurately determined based on the UK's Big Butterfly Count data. Despite the impressive number of 1,380,000,000 butterflies estimated in the UK, the extrapolation to the rest of the world is not feasible due to significant differences in butterfly species and habitats. This is a stark contrast to earlier assumptions that studying insect populations in suburban England was sufficient to estimate global numbers of insects. The complexity of the task was not fully realized until now, highlighting the vast amount of unexplored knowledge about the biodiversity around us.

    • Butterflies: Uncounted Wonders and Affordable LuxuriesDespite the uncertainty of butterfly population numbers, we can still appreciate affordable high-end goods like Quince's cashmere, and essentials like UnitedHealthcare's flexible medical plans.

      The exact number of butterflies in the world remains uncertain due to the vastness of the task required to count them all. Professor Jane Hill estimates there could be around 100 trillions, but we won't truly know until a global volunteer effort is in place. On a different note, even when budgets are tight, it's possible to enjoy high-end goods at lower prices. Quince offers such an opportunity, selling cashmere sweaters for $50 and more, while ensuring ethical and responsible manufacturing. Lastly, while technology may bring changes, certain necessities like health insurance remain constant. UnitedHealthcare TriTerm Medical plans offer flexible, budget-friendly coverage for nearly three years in some states.

    Recent Episodes from More or Less: Behind the Stats

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    How a tick box doubled the US maternal mortality rates.

    he US has been portrayed as in the grip of a maternal mortality crisis. In contrast to most other developed nations, the rate of maternal deaths in the US has been going up since the early 2000s.

    But why? With the help of Saloni Dattani, a researcher at Our World in Data, Tim Harford explores how a gradual change in the way the data was gathered lies at the heart of the problem.

    Presenter: Tim Harford Producer: Debbie Richford Production Co-ordinator: Brenda Brown Series Producer: Tom Colls Sound Mix: Emma Harth Editor: Richard Vadon

    Election claims and erection claims

    Election claims and erection claims

    Are Labour right about the Liz Truss effect on mortgages? Are the Conservatives right about pensioners? Are Plaid Cymru right about spending? Are the Lib Dems right about care funding? Is Count Binface right about croissants?

    Why are MRP polls coming up with such different numbers?

    Do erections require a litre of blood?

    Tim Harford investigates the numbers in the news.

    Presenter: Tim Harford Reporter: Kate Lamble Producers: Simon Tulett, Nathan Gower, Beth Ashmead Latham and Debbie Richford Series producer: Tom Colls Production coordinator: Brenda Brown Sound mix: Rod Farquhar Editor: Richard Vadon

    Do ‘pig butchering’ cyber scams make as much as half Cambodia’s GDP?

    Do ‘pig butchering’ cyber scams make as much as half Cambodia’s GDP?

    So-called “pig butchering” scams take billions of dollars from people around the globe. But do the cyber scams run from compounds in Cambodia really take an amount of money equivalent to half that country’s GDP? We investigate how the scale of these criminal operations has been calculated.

    Presenter: Tim Harford Reporter: Tom Colls Production coordinator: Brenda Brown Sound mix: Andrew Garratt Editor: Richard Vadon

    Worse mortgages, better readers, and potholes on the moon

    Worse mortgages, better readers, and potholes on the moon

    Will Conservative policies raise mortgages by £4800, as Labour claim? Are primary school kids in England the best readers in the (western) world, as the Conservatives claim? Are there more potholes in the UK than craters on the moon?

    Tim Harford investigates some of the numbers in the news.

    Presenter: Tim Harford Reporter: Kate Lamble Producers: Nathan Gower, Simon Tullet Beth Ashmead-Latham and Debbie Richford Production coordinator: Brenda Brown Sound mix: James Beard Editor: Richard Vadon

    Shakespeare’s maths

    Shakespeare’s maths

    AWilliam Shakespeare might well rank as the most influential writer in the English language. But it seems he also had a knack for numbers.

    Rob Eastaway, author of Much Ado about Numbers, tells Tim Harford about the simple maths that brings Shakespeare’s work to life.

    Presenter: Tim Harford Readings: Stella Harford and Jordan Dunbar Producer: Beth Ashmead-Latham Series producer: Tom Colls Production coordinator: Brenda Brown Sound mix: James Beard Editor: Richard Vadon

    Leaflets, taxes, oil workers and classrooms

    Leaflets, taxes, oil workers and classrooms

    What’s going on with the dodgy bar charts that political parties put on constituency campaign leaflets?

    What’s the truth about tax promises?

    Are 100,000 oil workers going to lose their jobs in Scotland?

    Will class sizes increase in state schools if private schools increase their fees?

    Tim Harford investigates some of the numbers in the news.

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    Why medical error is not the third leading cause of death in the US

    Why medical error is not the third leading cause of death in the US

    The claim that medical error is the third leading cause of death in the US has been zooming around the internet for years.

    This would mean that only heart disease and cancer killed more people than the very people trying to treat these diseases.

    But there are good reasons to be suspicious about the claim.

    Professor Mary Dixon-Woods, director of The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute, or THIS Institute, at Cambridge University, explains what’s going on.

    Presenter: Tim Harford Series producer: Tom Colls Production coordinator: Brenda Brown Sound mix: Nigel Appleton Editor: Richard Vadon

    Debate, Reform, tax evasion and ants

    Debate, Reform, tax evasion and ants

    Were there any suspicious claims in the election debate between Rishi Sunak and Keir Starmer?

    Do the claims in Reform UK’s policy documents on excess deaths and climate change make sense?

    Can the Conservatives and Labour raise £6bn a year by cracking down on tax avoidance and evasion?

    And do all the humans on earth weigh more than all of the ants?

    Presenter: Tim Harford Reporters: Kate Lamble and Nathan Gower Producer: Beth Ashmead-Latham Series producer: Tom Colls Production coordinator: Brenda Brown Editor: Richard Vadon

    Data for India

    Data for India

    India’s election has been running since 19 April. With results imminent on 4th June, More or Less talks with Chennai based data communicator Rukmini S. She founded Data for India, a new website designed to make socioeconomic data on India easier to find and understand. She talks us through the changing trends to help give a better picture of the type of country the winning party will govern.

    Producers: Bethan Ashmead and Nathan Gower Sound Engineer: Nigel Appleton Production Coordinator: Brenda Brown Editor: Richard Vadon

    UK growth, prisons and Swiftonomics

    UK growth, prisons and Swiftonomics

    Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has said that the UK economy is growing faster than Germany, France and the US, while Labour says the typical household in the UK is worse off by £5,883 since 2019. Are these claims fair? We give some needed context.

    Net migration has fallen - we talk to someone who predicted it would - Dr Madeleine Sumption, director of the Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford.

    Is Taylor Swift about to add £1 bn to the British economy as some media outlets have claimed? The answer is ‘No’.

    Why are our prisons full? We ask Cassia Rowland from the Institute for Government.

    Presenter: Tim Harford Producers: Charlotte McDonald, Nathan Gower, Bethan Ashmead Latham and Ellie House Series producer: Tom Colls Sound mix: Neil Churchill Production coordinator: Brenda Brown Editor: Richard Vadon

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    Growing Cashmere in NZ with David Shaw

    Growing Cashmere in NZ with David Shaw

    This week on the podcast we're switching up species and discussing cashmere goats with David Shaw.

    In 2017, David undertook a self-directed R&D project to see if he could ‘resurrect’ the cashmere industry. David found that New Zealand had some of the best cashmere fibre in the world.

    “We know our fibre is whiter and longer. Research indicates that the fibre from this part of the world is relatively softer. We have people wanting the fibre, we have a market, but we don’t have a supply.”

    So, David founded “New Zealand Cashmere” to solve the problem. While David has passed ownership of New Zealand Cashmere on, he is still a passionate champion of the industry. 

    David farms on the north side of the Catlin Ranges. “Three rows of hills before the south coast of New Zealand” and, beyond that, Antarctica. Their farm is usually summer safe and winter wet, finishing around 7,000 lambs and several hundred cattle a year. David explains how the goats integrate into the “typical” New Zealand farming system. 

    “We farm them quite differently here. Goats eat from the top of the pasture down, sheep eat from the bottom up. If you put the goats in second, you're forcing them to the bottom of the pastures. So, we put the goats in first and they take out the fibrous material and the thistles and the other weeds on the top of the pasture. And then the other stock come in behind them. That lowers the interaction with worms and it also benefits our existing stock.”

    “I saw something in the animal that was quite different to sheep and beef. They cleaned up all the weeds, so we technically didn't have any weeds on the farm any longer. Goats were utilising parts of the pasture other animals did not utilise”, explains David. “The goats in my mind are a huge tool that people have ignored or forgotten or aren't aware of.”

    So what is the financial return on cashmere farming? David’s flock averages about 400g of 16 micron cashmere. Their doe hoggets are doing around 200g at 14 micron.

    “Goats with up to half a kilo of cashmere in them, if you put that in a relative sense, that's $50-70 dollars worth of fleece value and the goat adult weight is half of an adult sheep. So you’re looking at well over $100 a stock unit from fibre returns alone”, says David.

    “So, the question is, how quickly can farmers build up to that from a foundation flock and then capture that out of the processing?”, David asks. It doesn’t take as long as you would think. With the work David has been doing over the past 40 years, he explains, “You can go from a multicoloured foundation doe flock to all white, 14-15 micron cashmere in one generation. Genetically, we’ve come a long way. The flock is homozygous white, so we’re at a very different starting point. It's our role as breeders to offer the highest genetic gains into flocks as quickly as possible.”


    Head Shepherd is brought to you by neXtgen Agri International Limited, we help livestock farmers get the most out of the genetics they farm with. Get in touch with us if you would like to hear more about how we can help you do what you do best - info@nextgenagri.com.

    Thanks to our sponsors at MSD Animal Health and Allflex, and Heiniger Australia and New Zealand.

    These companies are leaders in their respective fields and it is a privilege to have them supporting the Head Shepherd Podcast. Please consider them when making product choices, as they are instrumental in enabling us to bring you this podcast each week.

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    CNN This Morning update for August 30, 2023

    CNN This Morning update for August 30, 2023
    Today's CNN This Morning showcast has been pre-empted by breaking news coverage about hurricane Idalia, but we'll be back in your feed soon. For recent news updates be sure to check out CNN's '5 things' at: edition.cnn.com/audio/podcasts/5-things . Thanks for listening. To learn more about how CNN protects listener privacy, visit cnn.com/privacy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices