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    Intermittent fasting: what we learned from the world's biggest study with Prof. Tim Spector & Gin Stephens

    enApril 11, 2024

    Podcast Summary

    • Exploring the Benefits of Intermittent FastingIntermittent fasting is a lifestyle change involving intentional periods of fasting between meals, shown to improve health, increase energy, and enhance mood. The 16:8 method, a popular and scientifically supported approach, involves a 16-hour fast and an 8-hour eating window.

      Intermittent fasting involves intentionally extending periods of fasting in between meals, which every person already does naturally during sleep. This lifestyle change can improve health, increase energy levels, and enhance mood. Over 100,000 people participated in the world's largest intermittent fasting study, and initial findings suggest health benefits. Intermittent fasting is not about depriving yourself of food, but rather altering the balance between feeding and fasting periods. There are various methods of intermittent fasting, but the most popular and scientifically supported one today is the 16:8 method, which involves a 16-hour fast and an 8-hour eating window. This approach has been shown to help people get used to fasting within 28 days and enjoy food more, not less.

    • Eating in Harmony with Our Circadian RhythmSyncing meals with our body's natural 24-hour cycle can lead to better health outcomes. Listen to your body to determine the best eating schedule for you.

      Intermittent fasting, specifically time-restricted eating, is becoming a popular lifestyle choice for many people. This approach involves setting a daily eating window and fasting outside of that time. While there are different methods, such as alternate daily fasting, the daily eating window approach is the most common. The benefits of this way of eating are linked to our circadian rhythm, which is a 24-hour cycle that influences when we should eat and be active. Eating in sync with our body's natural rhythms can lead to better health outcomes. It's important to remember that bioindividuality plays a role, and we should listen to our bodies to determine what eating schedule works best for us. Additionally, eating patterns that go against our circadian rhythm, such as late-night snacking, can negatively impact our health. Overall, the key takeaway is that eating in harmony with our circadian rhythm can lead to better health outcomes.

    • 10-hour eating window with 14 hours of overnight fasting improves energy, mood, and reduces hungerThe Big IF study found that restricting eating to a 10-hour window and fasting for 14 hours improved energy levels, mood, and decreased hunger. Consistent implementation led to reduced snacking and improved gut symptoms.

      The Big IF study, a large health study in the UK, found that people who restricted their eating to a 10-hour window, with 14 hours of overnight fasting, experienced improvements in energy levels (up by 22%), mood (improved by 11%), and a decrease in hunger, despite eating in a shorter time frame than before. Those who inconsistently followed the eating pattern reported increased hunger and lower energy levels. The study also showed that those who had a larger eating window at the beginning of their day benefited the most. Additionally, participants reported reduced snacking and improvements in gut symptoms, such as a decrease in bloating by 11%. The study suggests that it's essential to find a sustainable eating pattern that suits individuals to make long-term changes. The study saw a 2/3 to 1/3 split between those who chose to eat late and those who ate early, with more people opting for late time-restricted eating.

    • Giving people freedom in choosing eating regimes leads to better resultsAllowing individuals to find their optimal eating patterns leads to higher completion rates and potential benefits for those initially uninterested in nutrition. Fasted exercise and delayed eating windows may offer health benefits, but more research is needed.

      Giving people the freedom to choose their own eating regimes, rather than forcing it upon them, leads to better results. Out of 148,000 people who signed up for a nutrition study, 37,000 completed it, and about a third of those not initially interested in nutrition were able to benefit from it. This approach allows individuals to find what works best for them, as some people naturally feel more energetic when they delay their eating window. The idea of needing to eat before engaging in physical activity is also being challenged, as research suggests that fasted exercise can be beneficial for health. However, it's important to note that while these are promising findings, more research is needed to understand the long-term implications of these lifestyle changes for a diverse population.

    • Study reveals time-restricted eating's surprising health benefitsTime-restricted eating can lead to reduced inflammation, improved immune function, better gut health, heightened mood, increased energy, and potential disease risk reduction

      A community science study on time-restricted eating has revealed surprising results beyond weight loss and cardiovascular health. The study shows consistent reduction in inflammation, which is an activation of the immune system. This reduction in inflammation leads to improved immune system function, better gut microbes, heightened mood, increased energy, and minor changes in response to sugars and fat levels. Although it's not a silver bullet, long-term implementation of time-restricted eating can have significant effects on reducing the risk of various diseases, including aging-related diseases and cancers, as chronic inflammation is linked to these conditions. The key is to find a sustainable eating window and stick to it for the long term.

    • Exploring the potential benefits of time-restricted eatingLimiting hours for eating could improve health, but more research is needed, especially long-term studies. Benefits may depend on individual's starting point and frequent snacking habits.

      Time-restricted eating, which involves limiting the hours during the day when you eat, shows promising potential for health benefits, although more research is needed, particularly long-term studies. The evidence comes from various sources, including mouse studies, small human trials, and larger community studies. While there's no harm for most people with a few exceptions, the exact size of the benefits remains uncertain and may depend on an individual's starting point. For those who frequently snack or eat from the moment they wake up till late at night, significant changes could occur. It's essential to view time-restricted eating as a long-term goal, and while perfection is not required, maintaining the practice most days of the week is beneficial. Occasional exceptions, like indulging in a special meal or event, are acceptable as long as they're "window worthy." Overall, the conversation emphasizes the potential benefits of time-restricted eating, but also acknowledges the need for further research to fully understand its impact.

    • Becoming metabolically flexible for time-restricted eating successSuccess with time-restricted eating varies, becoming metabolically flexible can help, focus on nutrient-dense foods during eating window.

      While some people may find success with time-restricted eating or intermittent fasting, it may not work for everyone. The individual experience can vary greatly, and what works for one person may not work for another. Some people, like the speaker, found it difficult to stick to the diet and reported feeling worse rather than better. The key to success is becoming metabolically flexible, which means being able to wake up and delay eating without feeling the need to send something down right away. This can be achieved by training your body to use the fuel that's already on hand, such as glycogen stored in the liver and muscles, and fat stored on the body. If you're someone who naturally grazes throughout the day and struggles with prolonged periods without food, it may be challenging to get started with time-restricted eating. However, it's important to remember that everyone is different, and what works for some may not work for others. If you're interested in trying time-restricted eating, it may be helpful to start by gradually extending the time between meals and focusing on nutrient-dense foods to fuel your body during the eating window.

    • Adjusting your eating pattern for health benefitsIntermittent fasting involves limiting eating hours, allowing the body to learn to use stored energy and potentially improve health.

      Intermittent fasting involves adjusting your eating pattern to experience health benefits, such as improved metabolic flexibility and inflammation reduction. This means limiting your eating hours, like having your first meal around 11 AM and finishing by 7 PM. However, it's important to note that there's an adjustment period where your body learns to use stored energy instead of relying on recent food intake. This concept is referred to as "flipping the metabolic switch." To help navigate this process, consider starting with a plan tailored to your needs, such as the one outlined in Jin's book "28 Day Fast Start Day by Day." This resource offers guidance for various starting points, from gradual introductions to more immediate changes. Remember, the goal is to give your body a chance to become metabolically flexible, allowing it to access stored energy and potentially improve overall health.

    • Avoid adding flavors or sweeteners during intermittent fastingStick to plain beverages like black coffee, plain water, and plain tea during intermittent fasting to avoid triggering an insulin response and make the process more effective.

      During intermittent fasting, it's essential to follow a strict regimen of only consuming black coffee, plain water, and plain tea during the fasting period. Even though these beverages contain no calories, adding flavors or sweeteners, even herbal teas, can trigger an insulin response due to the cephalic phase insulin response. This response occurs when the brain perceives sweetness, causing the pancreas to release insulin, making it harder for the body to enter a fasted state. Sticking to plain beverages during the fasting window helps make the process easier and more effective. Additionally, it's important to understand that even tasting sweet flavors can trigger an insulin response, as rodent studies have shown.

    • The insulin response to fruit can lead to a blood sugar crashConsuming fruit triggers insulin release, potentially leading to overeating and energy crashes. Trust the process and your body will adapt to using stored fat for energy.

      Our body's response to consuming fruit or sugar involves the release of insulin, even if we've had no calories. This insulin response can lead to a blood sugar crash, making us feel worse than if we hadn't consumed the fruit. The body might then think we're hungry and we could overeat during our eating window. It's important to remember that our body needs time to adjust to this new way of eating, especially if we're not metabolically flexible or fat-adapted. We might overeat initially because our body can't tap into our stored fat for energy. However, this goes away as our body learns to metabolically switch. We don't need to worry about eating enough during our eating window or starving during our fasting window. Instead, we can trust that we can get more food if we're still hungry when our window closes. Eating later into the night can actually make us hungrier earlier the next day. The transition to a clean, fasting lifestyle might take some time, but it can lead to more energy, less hunger, and potentially more healthy years. If you're interested in making smarter food choices and transforming your relationship with food, consider taking the ZOE quiz and joining the thousands of people who have already made positive changes.

    • Experiment with small eating habit changes for improved mood and energySmall changes like a 10-hour eating window or caffeine elimination can enhance mood and energy within weeks. Find what's sustainable for your lifestyle and goals, focusing on a balanced approach for nourishment and weight management.

      Making small changes to your eating habits, such as trying a 10-hour eating window or eliminating caffeine, can lead to noticeable improvements in mood and energy levels within a few weeks. However, finding the right eating window for your body may take some experimentation and may vary depending on individual factors like age and sex. It's important to focus on what's sustainable for your lifestyle and goals, rather than aiming for an extremely short or long eating window. The evidence suggests that there is a linear relationship between the length of your eating window and the potential health benefits, but it can also become harder for some people to maintain longer fasting periods. Ultimately, the goal is to find a balanced approach that allows you to nourish your body and maintain a healthy weight.

    • Considering individual lifestyle for optimal eating windowAn early or late eating window can work for intermittent fasting, depending on lifestyle factors. Focus on food quality and whole food, plant-based approach for optimal health.

      While the concept of a 10-hour eating window can be beneficial for some, it's important to consider what works best for an individual's lifestyle. The theory of an early eating window may be more sustainable for some, while others may find a late eating window easier due to social or cultural factors. Additionally, intermittent fasting does not mean one can eat whatever they want without regard for health or calorie intake. Instead, focusing on food quality and a whole food, plant-based approach is still essential. The long periods of not eating can help individuals develop a preference for healthier food options over time.

    • Train your palate to tolerate bitter flavors with black teas and coffeesIncorporating black teas and black coffees into your diet can help lower the need for added sugars, improve hunger and satiety signals, and lead to better overall nutrition as long as you maintain a balanced diet and sufficient activity, particularly as you age.

      Incorporating black teas and black coffees into your diet can help lower the need for added sugars by training your palate to tolerate bitter flavors. This change, along with modest adjustments to your eating window, can lead to improved listening to your body's hunger and satiety signals and overall better nutrition, as long as you maintain a balanced diet and sufficient activity, particularly as you age. These adjustments do not pose a problem for most individuals and can even lead to benefits, such as increased muscle maintenance and better overall health. It's essential to be pragmatic and consider individual circumstances, especially when dealing with weight loss or health concerns.

    • Discover the benefits of time-restricted eatingTime-restricted eating can lead to weight loss, improved energy and mood, and reduced inflammation. Consistency in eating patterns is key to experiencing these benefits. Start by shifting meals later in the day and being strict about what you consume during your fasting period.

      Time-restricted eating, which involves limiting your eating window to a certain number of hours each day, can have potential health benefits such as weight loss, improved energy and mood, and reduced inflammation. However, it's important to note that everyone's experience with time-restricted eating can vary, and some people may find it more challenging than others. A recent study, the Big IF study, found that a 10-hour eating window led to small weight loss and improvements in energy and mood in a large sample of people. However, consistency in eating patterns was key to experiencing these benefits. To make the transition to time-restricted eating easier, it can be helpful to start by shifting meals later in the day and being strict about what you consume during your fasting period. It's also important to remember that time-restricted eating is not a magic bullet for weight loss and that the quality of food consumed during the eating window still matters. Lastly, it's important to find a sustainable eating pattern that works for you, as extreme approaches like one meal a day or fasting for long periods without eating can be harmful.

    • Ideal intermittent fasting hours can vary greatly, around 10 hours on averagePersonalized guidance from services like Zoe can help determine optimal intermittent fasting hours based on individual conditions and ages, leading to sustainable improvements in health.

      When it comes to intermittent fasting for optimal health and sustainability, the ideal time frame can vary greatly from person to person, and the current evidence suggests an average of around 10 hours. However, this number may not apply to everyone, especially those with different conditions or ages. It's essential to listen to your body and not adhere to strict dogma. For more personalized and effective guidance, consider using a service like Zoe, which uses scientific testing and personalized coaching to help individuals make sustainable improvements to their health through food choices. Zoe's membership includes at-home testing, weekly check-ins, and daily guidance to help members make informed decisions about their diet. By trusting Zoe as your guide and coach, you can take the first step towards feeling better now and enjoying many more healthy years. To get started, take Zoe's quiz and receive a free program with personalized recommendations. Go to zoe.com/podcast to learn more and receive a 10% discount as a podcast listener.

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    In today’s episode, we learn that it's never too late to change your diet for the better. Dr. Federica Amati, ZOE’s Head Nutritionist, dives into the unique nutrition needs at every life stage.

    From the golden windows of opportunity that can transform your health, to practical food recommendations for adolescence, adulthood and beyond, Dr. Amati gives tips to enhance your wellbeing.

    Dr. Federica Amati is a researcher at King’s College London and registered nutritionist. She is also lecturer and Nutrition Topic Lead at Imperial College School of Medicine. Federica empowers people with accessible, practical knowledge to make informed choices on diet and lifestyle and to improve health based on unique needs and preferences, at every stage of life.

    Follow Dr. Federica Amati on Instagram 

    If you want to uncover the right foods for your body, head to zoe.com/podcast, and get 10% off your membership.

    Follow ZOE on Instagram

    Timecodes

    00:00 Introduction

    01:17 Quickfire questions

    03:32  The first window of opportunity is before you are born

    06:04 It takes two to tango: equal roles in conception

    07:25 The science behind sperm health and diet

    09:10 What is life course nutrition?

    10:35 Why generic nutrition advice isn't enough

    13:00 Critical changes in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy

    16:25 Nutritional needs in the second trimester of pregnancy

    17:20 Preventing allergies during pregnancy

    20:30 Nutrition in childhood and adolescence

    21:00 The importance of a diverse diet for teenagers

    22:57 Children learn to eat from us: exposure is key

    25:10 The impact of ultra-processed foods on teenagers

    27:40 Do you need to eat meat to grow well?

    32:55 Lifestyle choices in your 30s affect long-term health

    36:00 Longevity supplement myths

    37:40 Gut microbiome changes in adulthood

    43:28 How to extend your lifespan through diet at any age

    46:05 Preparing for healthy aging and avoiding 'Sniper Alley'

    50:10 How to eat right in your 70s and beyond

    54:22 Protein needs as you age

    56:30 Becoming a ZOE member is like having a nutritionist in your pocket!

    59:20 Summary

    Mentioned in today's episode:


    Books:


    Is there a nutrition topic you’d like us to explore? Email us at podcast@joinzoe.com, and we’ll do our best to cover it. 

    Episode transcripts are available <a...

    What to eat to avoid osteoporosis with Prof. Cyrus Cooper and Tim Spector

    What to eat to avoid osteoporosis with Prof. Cyrus Cooper and Tim Spector

    Did you know that every 12 years, our skeletons undergo a complete transformation? 

    Osteoporosis, a condition where bones become fragile, significantly increases the risk of fractures from minor incidents, often without any noticeable symptoms. Worldwide, it affects one in three women and one in five men over fifty, leading to pain, potential disability and loss of independence.

    In today’s episode, Jonathan, Tim and Cyrus ask the question: How can understanding osteoporosis and implementing targeted lifestyle changes enhance bone health and reduce the risk of fractures?

    Cyrus Cooper is a Professor of Rheumatology at the University of Southampton, where he is also the Director of the MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and Vice-Dean of Medicine. In addition, he’s a Professor of Musculoskeletal Science at the Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences at the University of Oxford.

    Tim Spector is one of the world’s top 100 most-cited scientists, a professor of epidemiology, and scientific Co-Founder at ZOE. Tim trained originally in rheumatology and epidemiology. 

    Make smarter food choices for your body: zoe.com/podcast

    Follow Tim on Instagram.

    If you want to uncover the right foods for your body, head to zoe.com/podcast, and get 10% off your personalised nutrition program.

    Follow ZOE on Instagram.

    Timecodes

    00:00 Introduction

    01:21 Quickfire questions

    03:08 What is osteoporosis?

    06:10 Why might our bones become more fragile as we age?

    08:10 Your skeleton renews itself all the time

    10:30 Does menopause cause osteoporosis?

    12:48 What's it like living with osteoporosis?

    15:16 How common is osteoporosis in males?

    16:04 What are the symptoms of osteoporosis and at what age should you get checked?

    21:40 Some chilling statistics about osteoporosis

    23:10 Common myths about the effects of calcium and vitamin D on osteoporosis

    27:50 What is the latest science on vitamin D supplementation?

    34:10 Can vitamin D and calcium ensure children’s bone density is healthy?

    34:55 Osteoporosis treatment options, including new drugs    

    37:20 The impacts of HRT on bone density

    39:30 What are the downsides to some of these treatments?

    43:00 Does physical activity help to prevent fractures?

    44:30 Lifestyle impacts: diet and nutrition

    49:40 Can exercise make your bones stronger?

    55:20 Ideal exercises to prevent osteoporosis

    57:10 Cyrus and Tim’s top 3 actions to improve bone health

    59:10 Summary

    Mentioned in today's episode:


    Relevant studies:

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    Resources:

    www.amystephensnutrition.com
    @amystephensnutrition on Instagram and Facebook

    Research articles:

    Laferrère B, Panda S. Calorie and time restriction in weight loss”. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386:1572-1573.

    Liu D, Huang Y, et al. Calorie Restriction with or without Time-Restricted Eating in Weight Loss. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386:1495-1504.

    Varady K, Cienfuegos S, et al.  Cardiometabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting. Annual Rev Nutrition. 2021; 41:333-361.


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    Website: https://www.drfuhrman.com/

    Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/joelfuhrmanmd/

    Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/drfuhrman

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    00:02:03 - The Nutritarian Diet
    00:03:57 - Calorie Restriction and Longevity
    00:04:52 - Nutrient Density and Appetite Control
    00:07:30 - Olive Oil and the Mediterranean Diet

    00:20:43 - Transitioning to a Healthier Diet
    00:25:30 - The Importance of Protein in the Diet
    00:31:10 - Intermittent Fasting and Its Proper Use
    00:36:16 - Food's Impact on the Brain and Mood
    00:41:58 - Getting Started with Nutritarian Lifestyle