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    Part Two: The Birth of American Fascism

    enNovember 08, 2018

    Podcast Summary

    • Stories of comebacks and resilienceFrom personal challenges to historical events, we can learn from stories of resilience and the power of second chances. Earn a respected degree online, connect with Amy Winehouse's biopic, stay informed, and find solace in hobbies or fiction.

      No matter what challenges you may be facing in your personal or professional life, there's always an opportunity for a comeback. Purdue Global offers a chance to earn a respected degree online, backed by the esteemed Purdue University. Meanwhile, in entertainment, Amy Winehouse's biopic, "Back to Black," invites viewers to connect with her story and authentic voice. Stay informed and empowered with The Michigan Chronicle Digital Daily, and get ready for the NFL season with the 2024 schedule release. In the digital world, it's important to remember that misunderstandings and disagreements can be painful, but focusing on them and seeking support can help. And sometimes, finding solace in fiction or hobbies can provide relief during difficult times. In the past, America grappled with the presence of Nazis, as seen in the German American Bund rallies in New York City. Through these stories and experiences, we're reminded of the importance of resilience, connection, and understanding.

    • Police Indifference Towards Fascist Mobs in the 1930sDuring the 1930s, police showed indifference towards fascist mobs, allowing their ideology to spread. Many Americans held anti-Semitic views and saw fascism as a viable alternative, contributing to the growing threat of fascism in the US.

      During the 1930s, there were numerous accounts of police failing to intervene against violent fascist mobs, as seen in the case of Los Angeles and the Silver Shirts. When a veteran named Lewis reported on their operations to the police, he was met with indifference and even sympathy from Chief Davis, who believed that the real problem was the communists and Jews in Boyle Heights. This attitude persisted despite the growing strength of fascism in the US and the anti-Semitic sentiments of many Americans. In 1939, the NYPD allowed antifascists and Christian Front members to clash violently in the streets, and only 39% of Americans agreed that Jews deserved equal rights. Even after the defeat of fascist candidates in the 1938 elections, figures like Father Coughlin and John Winrod continued to spread anti-Semitic and pro-fascist propaganda, with some even suggesting that the European war was a reaction against Jewish communism and capitalism. Despite FDR's refusal to take in Jewish refugees, many Americans held anti-Semitic views and saw fascism as a viable alternative. The police's inaction against fascist mobs during this time allowed their ideology to spread, ultimately contributing to the growing threat of fascism in the US.

    • Decline of Fascist Organizations in the US during late 1930sExposure of leaders' illegal activities and financial scandals led to the decline of major fascist organizations in the US, marking a turning point in the country's political landscape as it prepared for entry into WW2.

      The German American Bund and the Silver Shirts, two prominent fascist organizations in the United States during the late 1930s, both faced significant setbacks and declines in relevance. The German American Bund's Fritz Kuhn was exposed for embezzlement and arrested, leading to the organization's financial collapse and the disappearance of many of its members. At the same time, the Silver Shirts' leader, William Dudley Pelley, was also under investigation for various illegal activities and went into hiding. Pelley's attempts to infiltrate the Dee's Committee and his subsequent arrest further weakened the Silver Shirts. These events marked a turning point in the decline of fascist organizations in the United States as the country prepared for its eventual entry into World War 2. Additionally, in January 1940, Father Coughlin, a prominent radio broadcaster, expressed his support for dictatorship over democracy, leading to an FBI raid on the Brooklyn chapter of the Christian Front, a fascist group, on charges of planning to overthrow the government. Overall, these events marked a significant shift in the political landscape of the United States and the decline of fascist organizations.

    • Plans for a right-wing revolutionary group in the US during the late 1930s and early 1940sDuring this period, some Americans held anti-Semitic views and opposed Jewish refugees, creating an environment where a right-wing group, the Christian Front, could plan for a dictatorship and spread terror, similar to the Nazi regime in Germany, but the US remained neutral and did not yet have death camps.

      During the late 1930s and early 1940s, there were plans for a right-wing revolutionary group in the United States, called the Christian Front, who aimed to establish a dictatorship, spread terror, and eradicate Jews, similar to the Nazi regime in Germany. Hoover, the Director of the FBI, warned of these plans, but the public response was mixed. Some Americans were concerned about Nazi activities, while others focused on war propaganda or communist threats. Gallup polls from the time showed that a significant portion of the population held anti-Semitic views, and there was a popular right-wing anthem calling for refugees to go home. However, Nazi propaganda mainly targeted keeping the US neutral and sowing discord, rather than promoting grassroots fascism. The concentration camps existed but did not yet have the death camps' scale and purpose. Despite this knowledge, there was a growing sentiment against refugees, particularly Jews, who were seen as unwelcome in America.

    • The rise of American fascism wasn't about extermination or anti-Semitism, but isolationism and opposition to New Deal policies.American fascism in the late 1930s and early 1940s was driven by isolationist sentiments and opposition to FDR's New Deal policies, not hate speech or violence.

      The rise of fascism in America during the late 1930s and early 1940s was not centered around extermination centers or a violent anti-Semitic agenda, as is commonly believed. Instead, it was tied to isolationism and opposition to President Roosevelt's New Deal policies. The America First Committee, which began as a small group of law students at Yale, gained popularity by unifying anti-interventionist and far-right groups under the banner of keeping America out of the war. While they were not pacifists or anti-war, they saw the New Deal as a primary motivation for American intervention in the war. This distinction is crucial in understanding the complexities of American fascism during this period.

    • Discovering new experiences in Monopoly Go and cost savings with Mint MobileMonopoly Go offers unique gameplay, while Mint Mobile provides affordable wireless plans leading to savings on bills.

      There are exciting discoveries to be made in the game Monopoly Go, while spring cleaning can bring unexpected clarity and savings with a switch to Mint Mobile's affordable wireless plans. The America First Committee in the 1940s, backed by corporate leaders like JC Hormel and William Regnery, attempted to influence US policy with charismatic leaders such as Charles Lindbergh. While Monopoly Go offers new experiences with every play, Mint Mobile provides a significant cost reduction on wireless bills. Lindbergh's speeches for the America First Movement gained popularity due to his fame, youth, wealth, and sympathy, advocating for European nations to solve their own problems without external influence. This historical context highlights the importance of critical thinking and awareness of the past.

    • Charles Lindbergh's Criticism of Great BritainLindbergh's criticism of Great Britain during WWII tapped into historical distrust and animosity, gaining massive support for America First Movement

      Charles Lindbergh's criticism of Great Britain during World War II was a strategic move that resonated with a significant portion of the American population, particularly those of Scottish, Irish, and German descent. This approach was more effective than advocating for outright dictatorship or siding with Germany, as it tapped into long-standing distrust and animosity towards England due to historical stereotypes and past conflicts. This strategy helped the America First Movement gain massive popularity, with over 800,000 Americans joining within a few months. While the effectiveness of Lindbergh's approach may be debated, it is clear that it was a calculated and impactful political maneuver.

    • British Intelligence's View of America First as a Threat to US NeutralityBritish intelligence identified six categories of America First members and saw Charles Lindbergh as a potential fascist due to his Nazi connections and advocacy for American neutrality.

      During the build-up to World War II, the British saw the America First movement as a potential threat to keeping the United States out of the war. They labeled it as the raw material of American fascism and identified six categories of members, including big businessmen, Republicans, pacifists, extreme left-wing opposition to labor leaders, retired generals, and emotional mothers. The British intelligence was particularly concerned about Charles Lindbergh, a potential Republican candidate, who visited Nazi Germany multiple times, including after the Night of Broken Glass, and expressed confusion over the violent persecution of Jews. Despite America's past mistakes, such as the colonization of India, the British saw the potential danger of America First and its connections to Nazi ideology. Lindbergh's speeches advocating for American neutrality and his association with the Nazis led many, including President Roosevelt, to view him as a fascist with dictatorial designs.

    • Lindbergh's Fascist Beliefs and Anti-Semitic SpeechesDuring the late 1930s, Lindbergh, an American aviator, became fascist, attracted large crowds with racist, anti-Semitic speeches, and preferred an alliance with Nazi Germany over Soviet Russia. Simultaneously, he collaborated on a medical project with Carrel.

      During the late 1930s, Charles Lindbergh, a famous American aviator, became increasingly fascist in his beliefs, drawing inspiration from his friendship with French scientist Alexis Carrel. Lindbergh's public speeches, which attracted large crowds and even admiration akin to "Fuhrer worship," contained racist and anti-Semitic sentiments. He feared the "replacement" of white America and preferred an alliance with Nazi Germany over Soviet Russia. Simultaneously, Lindbergh and Carrel collaborated on a project to keep human organs alive outside the body, which led to the invention of a useful medical device. Despite his opposition to the persecution of Jews in Germany, Lindbergh criticized their pro-war stance and accused them of having undue influence in American media and government. His speeches, including one in Des Moines in 1941, highlighted the supposed dangers of the British, Jews, and Roosevelt administration pushing the US into war.

    • The Rise of Fascism in America before WW2During the lead up to WW2, American fascist movement led by figures like Lindbergh gained traction due to anti-Semitic rhetoric and isolationism. A potential Republican alliance could have changed election outcomes, but Pearl Harbor attack brought US into war and dissolved the movement. A hidden fact: Intellectual founder Lawrence Dennis was black.

      During the lead up to World War 2, there was a significant domestic fascist movement in the United States, led by figures like Charles Lindbergh, who advocated for isolationism and anti-Semitic rhetoric. Hitler, in one of his last public speeches before invading Poland, made a statement about the Jews causing another war, which Lindbergh echoed in a speech a year later. This fueled anti-Jewish sentiment and fear, leading some Americans to support the fascist movement. A potential alliance between the Republicans and the "keep out of war" party could have led to their winning the 1942 midterm elections and even the presidency in 1944. However, this all changed with Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, which brought the US into the war and dissolved the America First movement. It's important to note that the intellectual founder of American fascism, Lawrence Dennis, had a hidden identity - he was actually a black man. This information was not known at the time, adding another layer of complexity to the history of this period.

    • A black man named Dennis James passed as white during segregation to avoid fascismDuring deeply divided times, individuals have been forced to make difficult choices, and those choices can have profound consequences

      During the heavily segregated 1940s in America, a black man named Dennis named Dennis named Daniel James was able to pass as white and chose to do so, believing that fascism was a greater threat to the US than communism and that white Americans were more likely to choose fascism. This decision, driven by cynicism and cold calculation, is a chilling reminder of the pressures and complexities of living in a deeply divided society. Walter White, a former head of the NAACP, estimated that around 12,000 "white-skinned Negroes" disappeared each year, a euphemism for those who chose to abandon their racial identity to live as white. The quote from Gerald Horne, the author of a book about Dennis, explains that Dennis saw fascism as inevitable and that his decision to align himself with it was a response to the societal climate of the time. This story is a sobering reminder of the ways in which individuals have been forced to make difficult choices in the face of societal pressures and the ways in which those choices can have profound and lasting consequences.

    • Media's Role in Spreading MisinformationMedia prioritizing profits over truth can lead to dangerous disconnects and the normalization of harmful ideologies, making it essential for consumers to fact-check information from various sources.

      The spread of misinformation and the prioritization of profits over truth can have disastrous consequences, leading to a dangerous disconnect between reality and public perception. This was highlighted in the discussion, where examples of manipulated news stories and ignored warning signs were given. These actions not only contribute to the normalization of harmful ideologies but also make it difficult for individuals to make informed decisions. The power of media to shape public opinion and the financial incentives that come with it can create a cycle of grifting and deceit, making it essential for consumers to be vigilant and fact-check information from various sources.

    • Preparing for disasters: Food, water, information, and sleepStockpiling food and water, staying informed, good sleep essential for health, Leesa mattresses promote restful sleep, NFL season schedule and new 'Planet of the Apes' movie upcoming

      Preparing for potential disasters or emergencies, such as stockpiling food and water, is a wise decision that goes beyond being considered crazy. The discussion also touched upon the importance of staying informed and being aware of current events, even if they may be distressing or disappointing. Additionally, the importance of good sleep for overall health was highlighted, and the promotion of Leesa mattresses was mentioned as an option for achieving this. The conversation also hinted at an upcoming NFL season schedule release and the release of the new "Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes" movie.

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    https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/02/15/thats-when-nightmare-started/uk-and-us-forced-displacement-chagossians-and

    https://archive.is/KvGqw#selection-1769.0-1781.535

    Vine, David. Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S. Military Base on Diego Garcia (p. 18). Princeton University Press. Kindle Edition.

    https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/2/25/how-britain-forcefully-depopulated-a-whole-archipelago/

    https://archive.org/details/webofdeceitbrita0000curt/page/432/mode/2up?q=chagos

    https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/2003

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    This week at In The Past Lane, the American History podcast, we learn about the February 20, 1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden in New York City. It was organized by a pro-Nazi, pro-fascist organization called the German American Bund and it drew a capacity crowd of 20,000. The event fused professions of American patriotism with vile antisemitism and pro-Nazi sentiment. But the Bund’s rally did not go unchallenged. As many as 100,000 anti-Nazis filled the streets around MSG to register their outrage. The negative publicity caused the Bund to lose members. Then six months later World War II started and the Bund was on its way into the dustbin of history.  

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    On February 20, 1939 – 81 years ago this week – 20,000 people gathered in New York City‘s Madison Square Garden for what was billed as a “Pro American Rally.“ Upon entering the stadium, attendees saw a 30-foot tall banner featuring the image of George Washington. Red, white, and blue American flags were everywhere and the festivities began with a rousing rendition of the “Star Spangled Banner.”

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    The group behind the rally was the German American Bund – bund being the German word for federation. This German American organization had been founded in 1936 by a man named Fritz Kuhn. It wrapped its pro-fascist, pro-Nazi, anti-Semitism in the mantle of American patriotism. They presented themselves as defenders of America from subversive communists and Jews who were plotting to undermine American values and Christianity. The Bund held summer camps for families, published pamphlets and magazines, and held high profile public events like parades and rallies. Within a few years, the organization boasted tens of thousands of members, and countless more supporters and sympathizers.

    But in 1939, as American opposition to Hitler and the Nazi regime grew, Bund membership began to decline. So, in an effort to boost its fortunes, the German American Bund booked a rally in the nation’s premier venue: Madison Square Garden. The Bund’s founder, Fritz Kuhn, knew the event would spark outrage and protest. But he didn’t care. Controversy was just what he wanted. It was free advertising and, he thought, it would surely bring more Americans to support Nazism and fascism.

    New York City officials were less than thrilled about the event. Nonetheless, they rebuffed calls to stop the rally. Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia reasoned that the negative publicity from the event would actually hurt the Bund’s popularity.

    So instead of cancelling the event, the city put 1500 policeman in and around Madison Square Garden on the night of the rally. The heavy police presence proved a wise move, as tens of thousands of anti-Nazi protesters showed up, many looking for a fight.

    Inside Madison Square Garden, the rally went off perfectly – just as Fritz Kuhn had planned. There was music and speeches, interspersed by frenzied cheering, emphatic Nazi salutes, and shouts of Heil Hitler! The grand finale was a speech by Fritz Kuhn himself. He denounced Jews and communists as menaces to America. He likewise denounced President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, referring to him repeatedly as "Franklin Rosenfeld," and his popular New Deal programs as the "Jew Deal." Roosevelt, of course, wasn’t Jewish, but fascists like Kuhn saw him as an agent of Jewish-inspired socialism. “We, with American ideals,” shouted Kuehne, “demand that our government shall be returned to the American people who founded it” - implying, of course, that Jews were in control of the country and that they were not then, and never could be, true Americans. He continued, “If you ask what we are actively fighting for under our charter: First, a socially just, white, Gentile-ruled United States. Second, Gentile-controlled labor unions, free from Jewish Moscow-directed domination.” The crowd roared in approval and thousands of arms shot fourth in the Nazi salute.

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    The Bund’s membership declined rapidly as the American public became more and more aware of the evil actions of the Nazi regime and as a full-blown anti-Nazi movement took hold in the US. Fritz Kuhn was soon arrested for embezzlement of Bund funds and sent to prison. During World War II, he was stripped of his US citizenship, and following the war, deported to Germany.

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    This story of the 1939 Madison Square Garden rally and these photos reveal a dark truth about American history: that forms of fascism, authoritarianism, white supremacy, and anti-Semitism have long attracted large followings, even if they’ve remained out of sight. We all became aware of that in 2017 when thousands of neo-Nazis marched in Charlottesville, Virginia.

    But this story also reveals a brighter side of American history: that brave Americans - like Isador Greenbaum and the thousands of anti-Nazi protesters who showed up outside Madison Square Garden – have always stood up in the face of injustice.

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    Links:

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    “A Night at the Garden” https://anightatthegarden.com/

    “American Nazis in the 1930s—The German American Bund,” The Atlantic, June 5, 2017

    For more information about the In The Past Lane podcast, head to our website, www.InThePastLane.com 

    Music for This Episode

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    The Joy Drops, “Track 23,” Not Drunk (Free Music Archive)

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    Production Credits

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    Graphic Designer: Maggie Cellucci
    Website by: ERI Design
    Legal services: Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
    Social Media management: The Pony Express
    Risk Assessment: Little Big Horn Associates
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    037 The History Unfolded Project and What Americans Knew About The Holocaust

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    This week at In The Past Lane, the history podcast, we respond to the virulent anti-semitism that was on display during the neo-Nazi and white supremacist march in Charlottesville,VA by bringing to you an episode about a remarkable history research project. It’s called, History Unfolded: US Newspapers and the Holocaust, and it’s bringing to light thousands of articles that appeared in US newspapers between 1933 and 1945 that told American readers in vivid detail about the Nazi campaign to persecute and exterminate millions of Jews in Europe. And here’s a truly remarkable feature of this project -- anyone can participate as a researcher – including you, or your students, if you’re a teacher. So give a listen to my conversation with Elissa Frankle of History Unfolded and learn how this new digital research initiative is changing the way we understand the American response to the Holocaust.  

    Website: History Unfolded: US Newspapers and the Holocaust


    Further Reading

    Robert H. Abzug, America Views the Holocaust, 1933-45 : A Brief Documentary History (1999)

    Michael Berenbaum, The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2006).

    Leonard Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America (1995)

    Henry Feingold, Bearing Witness: Holocaust: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust (1995).

    Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press And The Coming Of The Holocaust, 1933- 1945 (1993).

    Christopher Mathias, “All The Swastikas And Broken Glass Since Charlottesville,” HuffPo August 25, 2017.

    Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy (1998)

    David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941-1945 (2007)
     

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    Production Credits

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    Technical Advisors: Holly Hunt and Jesse Anderson

    Podcasting Consultant: Darrell Darnell of Pro Podcast Solutions

    Photographer: John Buckingham

    Graphic Designer: Maggie Cellucci

    Website by: ERI Design

    Legal services: Tippecanoe and Tyler Too

    Social Media management: The Pony Express

    Risk Assessment: Little Big Horn Associates

    Growth strategies: 54 40 or Fight

    © Snoring Beagle International, 2017