the future of everything

Rebecca Silverman is an expert in how humans learn to read. It’s a complex process, she says. First we must connect letters and sounds to decode words in texts. Researchers know a lot about the decoding process and how to teach it. But, beyond that, we must also comprehend what the words in texts are conveying. Comprehension is complex, and researchers know much less about the comprehension process and how to teach it, Silverman tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

•  Rebecca Silverman’s Research Lab: Language to Literacy Lab

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Reading Challenges 

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Rebecca Sliverman and her research into the complexities of reading.

(00:03:53) Decoding vs. Comprehension 

The breakdown of reading into decoding and comprehension, the challenges associated with each, and the lifelong process of improving these skills.

(00:07:18) Variability in Learning to Read  

How children learn to read, including the impacts of linguistic comprehension, memory and socio-emotional contexts.

(00:09:55) Cross-Cultural Differences in Reading 

The variability of reading acquisition across languages and cultures, highlighting the components of reading that vary in their developmental trajectory.

(00:11:35) Research Challenges and Interventions in Reading 

Current research on the challenges of reading, particularly in identifying and supporting children with difficulties.

(00:15:03) The Role of Technology in Reading 

The impact of technology on reading, the differences between reading on paper and digital formats, and the potential of educational technology in literacy development.

(00:20:38) Importance of Family in Reading Development

How families play a role in early reading, with emphasis on storytelling and culturally relevant practices. 

(00:23:52) Challenges for Teachers in Literacy Education

Responsibilities of teachers in teaching literacy and the need for comprehensive support and training for teachers.

(00:27:44) Future Directions and the Potential of AI 

Future research on AI in literacy education, and the importance of human oversight in technological interventions.

(00:29:29) Conclusion

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Professor and cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand’s latest book, Rule Makers, Rule Breakers, explores notions of what she calls “tight” and “loose” cultures, and how each shapes us as individuals and the world around us. Tight cultures closely follow unwritten cultural norms, while those on the looser side have more latitude. Culture is complicated, she says, but understanding its nuances is key to understanding the world, Gelfand tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Michele Gelfand Website / Bio
• Rule Makers, Rule Breakers: How Tight & Loose Cultures Wire Our World (Michele Gelfand’s Book)
• Mindset Quiz  (Quiz on Michele’s Website)
• Threat Dictionary
• Tight-Looseness Across the 50 United States  (PNAS paper on reclassifying states from red/blue to tight/loose)
• The Culturally Intelligent Negotiator: The Impact on Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Negotiation Sequences & Outcomes   (Michele Gelfand & Lynn Imai Study)
• Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: 33 Nation Study (Michele’s study published in Science on factors that predict strict and permissive social norms)
• Together From Afar: Introducing a Diary Contact Technique for Improving Intergroup Relations  (US / Pakistan Study)

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ introduces Michele Gelfand and her research on the study of culture and cultural intelligence.

(00:02:33) Defining Culture

A working definition of culture and the invisible impact of cultural norms, values, and beliefs.

(00:03:46) The Tight-Loose Spectrum

The concept of tight and loose cultures and how social norms vary across cultures.

(00:06:30) Cultural Variance within and between Societies

Variations of tight-loose norms at national, state, and organizational levels,  and the role of threat in shaping these norms.

(00:11:34) Cultural Intelligence in Global Leadership

How the tight-loose spectrum and cultural studies inform leadership, and the significance of cultural intelligence (CQ) in global interactions.

(00:18:59) Cultural Evolutionary Mismatch

Implications for global threats and societal responses.

(00:23:56) Applying Cultural Insights in Business

Insights on applying cultural understanding to improve business mergers, negotiations, and the success of expatriate assignments.

(00:26:09) Enhancing Cultural Intelligence

Improving cultural intelligence and steps individuals can take to enhance their CQ and adapt to cultural differences.

(00:28:48) Urban vs. Rural Cultural Differences

Tight-loose division in politics and societal contexts, and the cultural divide between urban and rural areas.

(00:31:19) Conclusion

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We’re taking you into our archive of over 250 episodes to re-share an interview Russ Altman did in 2022 with Stanford Medicine Professor of Surgery, Carla Pugh.  Performing surgery is profoundly complex and requires precision, dexterity and lots of practice. Dr. Pugh shares about how she’s studying the movements of skilled surgeons to better understand what makes them successful, which can in turn help to improve training for new surgeons.

Episode Reference Links:

• Technology Enabled Clinical Improvement Center
• Dr. Pugh’s Research: Use of sensors to quantify procedural idle time 

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction
Host Russ Altman introduces the episode with Dr. Carla Pugh discussing her research studying the movements of surgeons to improve surgical training.

(00:02:27) Dr. Carla Pugh's Research and Goals
Introduction of Dr. Carla Pugh and her research utilizing sensor technology to quantify physician performance and the long-term goals of her research.

(00:04:32) Wearable Sensors in Surgical Training
How wearable sensors are being used, and the reaction of surgeons to being monitored.

(00:06:21)  Expertise Identification & Universality of Movement
How idle time and motion tracking can distinguish between novice and expert surgeons  & how expert surgeons exhibit similar motion patterns.

(00:10:10) Expert vs. Novice Surgeon Behaviors
Observed differences in speed and precision between expert and novice surgeons, & working volume.

(00:12:48) Ethical Considerations
The ethical considerations of measuring surgeon performance, with a focus on
managing the careers of aging surgeons through data-driven decisions.

(00:16:03) The Role of Robotics in Surgery
The current and future roles of robots in surgery, debunking myths, setting realistic expectations & how this research can be applied.

(00:20:29) Demand for Robotic Surgery and Tech Trust
Patients' trust in technology and robots for surgery and the pitfalls of relying too much on the technology, using orthopedic surgery as a specific example.

(00:23:07) Preserving Human Skills in Medicine
Dr. Pugh elaborates the importance of capturing human surgical skills amidst the rise of automation in order to maintain a record of traditional practices.

(00:24:49) Evolution of Surgical Procedures and Techniques
The evolution of surgical procedures due to technological advancements, and how surgeons transition between different surgical technologies.

(00:27:17) Conclusion

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Mark Skylar-Scott is one of the world’s foremost experts on the 3D printing of human tissue, cell by cell. It’s a field better known as bioprinting. But Skylar-Scott hopes to take things to a level most never imagined. He and his collaborators are working to bioprint an entire living, working human heart. We’re printing biology, Skylar-Scott tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Skylar-Scott Lab

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode, guest Mark Skylar-Scott and his work bioprinting the heart.

(00:02:15) What is Bioprinting & Tissue Engineering?

Explanation of bioprinting and its distinction from traditional 3D printing. Overview of the technology and its applications in tissue engineering and how to get the cells for this purpose.

(00:06:37) Engineering the Cells of the Heart

The 11 different cell types of the heart that are being created, and the steps involved in printing them, scaffolding them, and how they form tissue.

(00:12:23) Building Hearts: Size and Growth Considerations

The scale of bio-printed hearts, potential strategies for growth and integration, & technical challenges in controlling cell growth and development. 

(00:15:05) Scaling Up Cell Production

The importance of scaling up cell production for efficient experimentation. Exploration of the transition from laboratory research to clinical implementation. 

(00:18:40) Vascularization: The Key to Functional Bioprinted Organs

Critical importance of creating a comprehensive vascular network & the challenges of integrating capillaries and ensuring nutrient delivery to all cells. 

(00:23:00) Ethical Considerations in Bioprinting

Examination of the ethical issues surrounding the use of human cells in bioprinting, focusing on consent and the potential for inequality in access due to cost.

(00:26:12) The Future of Bioprinting: Timeline and Field Dynamics

Projections about the timeline for the clinical application of bio-printed organs and the state of collaborative competition within the fabrication field. 

(00:28:28) Conclusion

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As the pandemic made a doctor visit as easy as a Zoom call and computer vision proved able to distinguish a benign blemish from something more worrisome, guest Eleni Linos, MD, DrPH, grew fascinated with the many ways digital technologies will impact all of medicine, not just her specialty, dermatology. She now believes the future of digital health is the future of health, period. But much work remains to ensure those benefits extend to every sector of society. Linos previews the future of digital health for host and fellow physician Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

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Chapters:

(00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces Professor Eleni Linos and they discuss a future where digital health encompasses all aspects of healthcare and how we have moved towards that. 

(02:10) Defining Digital Health

The challenge of defining digital health and envisioning a future where it integrates seamlessly into healthcare without differentiation.

(03:33) Dermatology and Digital Health

Eleni explains her interest in digital tools for dermatology, how they have been applied in dermatology and why they are useful.

(06:41) Challenges in Examining Diverse Skin Types

Addressing challenges in dermatological exams for patients with diverse skin tones and backgrounds.

(09:05) Impact on Patients and Health Disparities

Assessing patient reactions & benefits to remote interactions and studying health disparities concerning age, ethnicity, and technology literacy.

(10:56) LLMs, Digital Health, & Bias

How large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are used in digital health, and their biases, and the need for and how Dr. Linos is working to reduce these.

(15:24) Empathy and AI 

Dr. Linos tells a personal story about empathy demonstrated by Chat GPT, and reflects on the potential of AI to enhance patient interactions and care.

(18:47) Social Media in Public Health

Insights into leveraging social media for public health campaigns, the strategies used to influence behavioral changes in specific demographics, and how it was employed during COVID

(24:33) Challenges in Digital Medicine Education

Exploring the challenges & opportunities in preparing future clinicians for a digital medicine-infused future. 

(28:20) Stanford Center for Digital Health

The vision and purpose of the Center for Digital Health at Stanford, emphasizing the collaboration between academia, tech companies, and a global perspective to tackle future health challenges.

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To kick off 2024, we’re bringing you an episode that’s been one of our most popular. The timing is just right as many of us are headed into the new year thinking about how to live better. In this episode, Professor Helen Blau, a stem cell biologist, tells us all about how she’s recruiting stem cells to regenerate youthful muscle in older people. We’re thrilled to bring this episode out of the archives for another listen and renewed hope about possibilities ahead in the world of health.  Happy New Year from Russ and the team here at The Future of Everything. 

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction & Importance of Muscles in Aging
Host Russ Altman introduces the episode, the ways that muscles weakening with age affects us, and how guest, Professor Helen Blau’s work with stem cells  is addressing this.

(00:02:03) Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cells

The goals of regenerative medicine in enhancing the quality of life as people age. Overview of different types of stem cells and their potential.

(00:04:28) Focus on Muscle: Sarcopenia and Aging

Emphasizing the desire to age well, and the centrality of muscles in daily activities and how they atrophy with age.

(00:07:44) Approaches to Combating Muscle Aging

Lack of available drugs addressing muscle wasting and potential research directions. Targeting stem cells and mature muscle fibers for rejuvenation.

(00:09:09) Lab Discoveries and Challenges

Dr.  Blau's lab experiments to identify and maintain functional stem cells, the breakthrough in bioengineering microenvironments & it’s impact.

(00:12:41) Stem Cell Rejuvenation

Insights into rejuvenating stem cell functions through cell therapy that lead to. 

(00:14:37) Inflammatory Pathways and Stem Cell Response

Dr Blau explains the importance of the wave of inflammation for stem cells, and the discoveries this lead to. 

(00:17:55) Broad-Scale Muscle Rejuvenation

Exploring systemic alterations targeting inflammation pathways for global muscle regeneration. Identification of PGE-2 degrading enzyme and results of limiting this enzyme.

(00:21:33) Human Trials, Challenges & Drug Development

Discussion on the prospects of translating findings to human treatments and developing an oral drug

(00:24:42) Timeline and Clinical Trials

Anticipated timelines for the drug's availability for human trials and potential applications.

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Professor Michael Fischbach, tells us that the “gut biome” – that is, the complex community of bacteria that lives in our gastrointestinal tract – is what makes digesting and extracting nutrients from those meals possible. We hope you’ll tune in.

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Microbiome: A Primer

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode and its focus on the gut biome with guest Professor Michael Fischbach. Russ discusses the importance of bacteria & the influence of diet on maintaining a healthy microbiome, specifically yogurt

(00:04:08) The Role of Bacteria

An explanation of how bacteria are utilized by our body for digestion

(00:06:16) Antibiotics and Gut Microbiome Disruption

The repercussions of antibiotic use on the gut microbiome's composition and its effects on digestion.

(00:07:14) Bacterial Chemicals in the Body

A detailed explanation of how bacteria create chemicals that enter the bloodstream & example of one of these chemicals, of TMAO (trimethylamine N oxide) and its connection to heart disease risk. 

(00:09:48) Vegans and TMAO

Insight into a study involving vegans and their lack of TMAO production due to the absence of specific gut bacteria & its implications.

(00:12:31) Bacteria's Use of Chemicals for Survival

Dr. Fischbach explains how bacteria utilize chemicals in food due to the absence of oxygen in the gut. The concept of electrons and their role in bacterial survival.

(00:14:17) Microbial Communities

Discussion on manipulating microbial communities and the challenges associated with making precise changes. 

(00:15:22) Fecal Transplants and Community Dynamics

Insight into the success of fecal transplants in treating gut infections. Understanding the dynamics of microbial communities and their role in combating infections.

(00:18:30) Building Complex Microbial Communities

Exploring efforts to construct diverse communities and the stability of ecosystems. Early observations on the interactions between various bacterial species in complex communities

(00:21:16) Precision Fecal Transplants

Discussion on the limitations of fecal transplants and the need and potential for precision in microbial composition for treating diseases. 

(00:22:29) Microbiome Diagnostics for Disease Detection

The potential of microbiome analysis as a diagnostic tool for diseases like Crohn's, based on differences in gut community rosters. The debate around whether changes in the microbiome precede or result from diseases, as well as genetic & environmental factors.

(00:25:39) Fermented Foods and Microbiome Impact

Discussion on the potential health benefits of fermented foods and predictions about future interventions involving bacteria 

(00:26:29) Microbiome and Aging Effects

Early research on the impact of aging on the microbiome and the potential for programmed microbiome composition at different life stages.

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Professor Stephen Quake's research has helped countless patients avoid the pain and suffering that can come with invasive diagnostic testing. Russ and Stephen discuss his work to develop a number of noninvasive blood tests to help detect preterm births, genetic disorders like Down Syndrome, cancer, and organ transplant rejection. It’s an episode that reminds us of the power of good science. We hope you’ll take another listen and enjoy.

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode featuring Dr. Stephen Quake, highlighting his contributions to non-invasive blood tests. 

(00:00:46) Understanding DNA in Diagnostics

Introduction to the revelation of detecting DNA in the bloodstream, shedding light on various bodily processes.

(00:02:24) The Beginning of Dr. Quake’s work with Cell Free DNA

Dr. Quake tells the story of his journey into research with cell free DNA beginning with searching for a less risky alternative to an amniocentesis

(00:05:11) Impact on Prenatal Testing

The transformation in prenatal diagnostics, replacing invasive tests  & understanding the detection capabilities for prenatal genetic disorders like using cell-free DNA.

(00:06:39) Transplant Rejection Monitoring

The discovery of cell free DNA & it’s use in heart & lung transplant patients detecting early rejection & the real-life implications of this technology.

(00:10:35) Unveiling Infectious Agents

The detection of infectious agents in blood & the real life applications of this discovery

(00:14:52) Advances in Cancer Detection

Discussion shifts to cancer detection using cell-free DNA, emphasizing the important application of monitoring cancer progression and treatment efficacy. 

(00:17:18) Predicting Preterm Birth

Dr. Quake delves into the groundbreaking research predicting preterm births using cell-free RNA and DNA, sharing insights into discoveries indicating preterm birth risks and gestational age predictions and the significance of this.

(00:21:42) The Chan Zuckerberg Biohub's Mission

The origins and bold mission of Steve Quake’s current work at the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, to cure, treat, or prevent all human diseases by the end of the century and the feasibility of such an ambitious goal. 

(00:24:03) Biohub's Research Strategy

Biohub's strategy focusing on cell biology and infectious diseases internally, while funding nearly a hundred faculty across diverse areas in Bay Area Universities.

(00:26:26) Conclusion 

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Guest Percy Liang is an authority on AI who says that we are undergoing a paradigm shift in AI powered by foundation models, which are general-purpose models trained at immense scale, such as ChatGPT. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast, Liang tells host Russ Altman about how foundation models are built, how to evaluate them, and the growing concerns with lack of openness and transparency.

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction
Host Russ Altman introduces Percy Liang, who runs the Stanford Center on Foundation Models 

(00:02:26) Defining Foundation Models

Percy Liang explains the concept of foundation models and the paradigm shift they represent. 

(00:04:22) How are Foundation Models Built & Trained?

Explanation of the training data sources and the scale of training data: training on trillions of words. Details on the network architecture, parameters, and the objective function.

(00:10:36) Context Length & Predictive Capabilities

Discussion on context length and its role in predictions. Examples illustrating the influence of context length on predictive accuracy. 

(00:12:28) Understanding Hallucination

Percy Liang explains how foundation models “hallucinate”, and the need for both truth and creative tasks which requires “lying”.

 (00:15:19) Alignment and Reinforcement in Training

The role of alignment and reinforcement learning from human feedback in controlling model outputs. 

(00:18:14) Evaluating Foundation Models

The shift from task-specific evaluations to comprehensive model evaluations, Introduction of HELM & the challenges in evaluation these models. 

(00:25:09) Foundation Models Transparency Index

Percy Liang details the Foundation Models Transparency Index, the initial results and reactions by the companies evaluated by it.

(00:29:42) Open vs. Closed AI Models: Benefits & Risks

The spectrum between open and closed AI models , benefits and security impacts

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Guest Alex Konings studies fundamental links between the global cycle of water percolating into the ground and evaporating into the skies and a similar cycle of carbon moving through the world, shaping ecosystems, droughts, and fires. These cycles are inextricably bound, she says, and understanding how they function individually and in tandem is key to life on planet Earth. These important cycles may be easily overlooked but they cannot be ignored, Konings tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introductions 

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode's focus on plant water with Dr. Alex Konings.

(00:02:37) Understanding Global Carbon and Water Cycles

Dr. Konings defines and explains the global carbon and water cycles and their interconnectedness, and significance

(00:05:08) Transpiration

Detailed explanation of transpiration: the movement of water through plants, from soil to leaves and into the atmosphere. Significance of transpiration in the context of water loss and its impact on available resources.

(00:07:25) Implications of Transpiration

Discussion on how transpiration affects weather, solar energy, weather forecasts & water cycling via transpiration.

(00:10:21) Transpiration and Climate Change

Dr. Konings elaborates on the changing dynamics of transpiration in response to rising atmospheric temperatures &  how plants adapt to increased transpiration, as well as their area of research.

(00:13:48) Using Satellites to measure Plant Water Content

Explanation of how satellites utilize microwaves and radar technology to measure water content in plants & challenges associated with it.

(00:18:37) Impact of Transpiration on Droughts

Dr. Konings elaborates on how increased transpiration in higher temperature intensifies and speeds up the onset of drought conditions.

(00:21:37) Satellite Gravity Measurements for Groundwater Assessment

An explanation of how satellites can be utilized to measure groundwater by measuring the force of gravity. 

(00:22:30) Plant Water Dynamics, Fire Risk & Predictions

Dr. Konings discusses the intricate relationship between plant water dynamics and fire risk, and how satellite-derived plant water data can be utilized in fire risk assessment models.

(00:26:39) Satellite Sources and Public Data Accessibility

Insight into the satellites used for measurements & accessibility of satellite data from federal agencies for research and public use.

(00:27:51) Role in Governmental Agencies and Policy

Dr. Konings elaborates on how her measurements and research is being utilized by government bodies and the potential for it.

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Space exploration and travel are two topics that are always exciting, and that have sparked a lot of enthusiasm about the future. Debbie Senesky, a previous guest on the show, researches ways to develop tiny, tough electronics that could help augment our abilities to further explore extreme environments, such as those found in space. Today we’re re-running a conversation Russ had with Debbie in 2017 on this topic.  Enjoy.

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces the episode, guest, Dr. Debbie Senesky and electronics for extreme environments.

(00:04:29) Challenges in Space Exploration

Dr. Senesky's insights into the challenges of space exploration, focusing on the need for tiny and tough electronics and introduces wide bandgap semiconductor materials.

(00:07:38) Operation Temperatures of New Materials

Discussion on the operational temperatures of wide band gap semiconductor materials, & contextualization of these temperatures in everyday life.

(00:10:13) Venus and it’s harsh environment

Introduction to Venus, and its unique characteristics as well as the scientific goals and reasons for studying it.

(00:13:10) History of Venus Missions and Exploration

Overview of past Venus missions, including the Venera program by Russia, and the challenges faced in engineering for these missions

(00:16:21) Engineering Challenges in Other Space Exploration

The conversation moves on to some of the other challenges posed by exploring other planets and areas of space including cold temps and power sources.

(00:18:03) Collaboration with Space Agencies

Discussion on collaborations between research labs and space agencies like NASA; Dr. Senesky explains her current area of research and opportunities for testing. 

(00:21:15) The Space Industry Renaissance and Access to Space

Russ & Debbie discuss the current boom of the space industry, the technology and developments, as well as the challenges raised by it.

(00:23:34) Nanoscale Materials and Engineering Challenges

Introduction to nanoscale materials, their production, and  their applications in space technologies. 

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Transformational research techniques shaping our understanding of how the brain works.

Guest Karl Deisseroth is a bioengineer and a psychiatrist who has developed two of the most transformational research techniques shaping our understanding of how the brain works — optogenetics, which allows neuroscientists to control brain cells with light, and CLARITY, a way to render the brain’s gray matter transparent yet retain all its intricate wiring for easier study.  There is a vast chasm between neuroscience and psychiatry, Deisseroth says of the reasons he felt compelled to develop technology ahead of pursuing science. It was never a trade-off of one over the other, however. It was simply where we had to go to get better at the science, Deisseroth tells fellow bioengineer and host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapters:
(00:00:00)  Introduction to Karl Deisseroth

Russ Altman introduces the episode and Karl Deisseroth, highlighting his roles as a professor of bioengineering and psychiatry. Explanation of Karl Deisseroth's approach to addressing challenges in neuroscience through technology development and application.

(00:03:23) Balancing Technology Development and Scientific Exploration

Discussion on the challenges of balancing technology development with scientific exploration. Karl Deisseroth's perspective on integrating technology development as a primary goal in neuroscience research.

(00:05:03) Optogenetics: Controlling Neurons with Light

Introduction to optogenetics as a method for precise control of individual cells using light. Explanation of the historical challenges in controlling neurons and the need for precise techniques.

(00:07:25) Importance of Bioengineering in Innovation

Highlighting the role of bioengineering in translating scientific ideas into practical tools. Importance of collaboration and interdisciplinary approaches in bioengineering and neuroscience.

(00:10:04) Discovering Microbial Rhodopsins and Opsins

Karl Deisseroth explains the class of proteins known as microbial rhodopsins and their genes, microbial opsins. Discussion on the historical knowledge of these proteins and their presence in biochemistry textbooks.

(00:12:50) Realizing Optogenetics in Human Brains

Karl Deisseroth discusses the practical application of optogenetics in the central nervous system of human beings. An example of a successful experiment by Karl's colleague Botond Roska, enabling a blind person to see objects.

(00:16:01) Bridging Psychiatry and Neurotechnology

Transition to discussing Karl Deisseroth's role as a practicing psychiatrist and the challenges faced in patient care. Integration of clinical experiences into scientific research and its impact on experimental design and understanding disease processes.

(00:16:54) The Intersection of Science and Medicine

Examination of the balance between clinical practice and scientific research in Karl Deisseroth's work. Importance of firsthand patient experiences in shaping research goals and addressing clinical challenges.

(00:20:25) Unraveling Brain Complexity with Optogenetics

Discussion on the complexity of the brain's parts list and challenges in categorizing cell types. Utilizing optogenetic tools to explore specific brain cell types and their functions. The intersection of clinical psychiatry, technology, and neuroscience in advancing our understanding of the brain.

(00:21:00) Integrating Optogenetics into Neuroscience

Exploration of the significance of having a detailed parts list for the brain and its impact on optogenetic research. Integrating optogenetic tools to study diverse brain functions and disorders. The evolving landscape of neuroscience research and the potential applications of optogenetics in the future.

(00:24:53) The Interconnectedness of Brain Cells

Examination of experiments recording from tens of thousands of cells while observing a thirsty mouse's behavior. Insights into the rapid and interconnected nature of the brain, lead to widespread correlations among neurons.

(00:28:05) Writing "Projections": Balancing Science and Literature

Karl Deisseroth's motivation for writing "Projections" was to share the inner worlds of psychiatric patients and communicate scientific advancements. Challenges in balancing literary creativity with scientific accuracy, capturing patients' experiences while staying grounded in truth.

(00:31:02) Receiving Feedback and Impact of "Projections"

Reflection on the reception of "Projections" and feedback received from readers, including patients with psychiatric disorders.Karl Deisseroth's satisfaction in capturing the experiences of patients and the impact of the book on diverse readers.

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Bad science is a big problem for society, says guest Jonathan Osborne, an expert in science education, but we don’t have to surrender to it. Beating bad science requires young people to learn three skills, Osborne says. First is an ability to size up conflicts of interest. Second, to evaluate a source’s qualifications. And third, to more rigorously question those who go against consensus. The whole goal of science is consensus, Osborne tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Timestamps:
(00:00:00) Introduction to the Episode

Welcome to this episode featuring an insightful conversation with Jonathan Osborne about the nuances of scientific argumentation and its implications for education.

(00:2:00) The state of science education

The situation is a pretty dire, and we need to act soon to make sure that we outfit the future generations with the tools they need to navigate truth and falsehoods in science.

(00:03:01) The Importance of Science Education

The role of science education in society and the need for a new approach to science education

(00:08:31) Developmental Learning Progression in Science Education

Discussion on when young people are cognitively ready to understand the challenges of science education. The Finnish curriculum in media literacy as an example.

(00:09:31) Student Attitudes and the Fundamentals of Science Education

The importance of student attitudes towards science. The role of science education in preparing students to be citizens in a rapidly changing world.

(00:11:31) The Shortcomings of Current Science Education

Critique of the current state of science education. The need for focusing on big ideas rather than just facts.

(00:14:51) The Key Stakeholders in Changing Science Education

Discussion on who holds the keys to curricular practices. The role of boards of education, textbook writers, and faculty members in shaping science education.

(00:15:21) The Challenges of Changing Science Education

Jonathan Osborne's career reflections on trying to make changes. The resistance faced from institutional conservatism. The impact of government changes on science education

(00:17:01) The Problem with Current Curriculum

Lack of opportunities for teachers to pursue their interests. The need to cut back on performance expectations. Giving teachers more freedom and agency.

(00:18:29) Misinformation and Science Education

Concerns about misinformation in science. Tools needed to help young people vet information.

(00:19:31) The Role of Scientific Argumentation

Different forms of scientific argumentation. The importance of teaching scientific argumentation to students.

(00:22:36) The Power of Storytelling in Science

The need for more stories in science education. How stories can make science more relatable and convincing.

(00:27:21)  The Urgency of Updating Science Education

The rate at which teaching standards are updated. The need for flexibility in science education standards.

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Today we're rerunning a conversation Russ had in 2020 with Mykel Kochenderfer, a professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University.

Mykel's research has impacted anyone who has been on a plane recently for any kind of travel. His research led to the creation of a program known as the Airborne Collision Avoidance System, or ACAS X , which as he explains in more detail, is a critical tool in keeping air travel safe.

Thank you for tuning in, and we hope you enjoy this episode from the archives.

Chapter Time Stamps:

(00:00:50) ACAS X Origins

Russ Altman sets the stage by revisiting a conversation from 2020 with Professor Mykel Kochenderfer, a pioneer in aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University. They discuss Mykel's groundbreaking research leading to the creation of the Airborne Collision Avoidance System, ACAS X.

(00:03:10) Ensuring Trustworthy Autonomous Vehicles

Exploring the challenges in building trustworthy autonomous systems, Mykel discusses the complexities of imperfect sensor systems, uncertainty in predicting future trajectory, and the trade-off between safety and operational efficiency.

(00:07:20) Dynamic Programming: The Key to ACAS X

Mykel explains the role of dynamic programming in ACAS X, transforming complex computations into tractable tasks through offline modeling and a lookup table, balancing safety and efficiency.

(00:10:30) Balancing Safety and Efficiency

Russ and Mykel delve into the intricate balance between safety and operational efficiency in ACAS X, highlighting the need for AI systems to make sound decisions even in rare, low-probability scenarios.

(00:14:15) ACAS X Implementation and Use Cases

Mykel elaborates on the role of ACAS X in aviation safety, detailing its advisory nature and its integration with air traffic control systems, while addressing the potential automation in specific aircraft models.

(00:17:40) Broadening Horizons: Urban Air Mobility

Exploring the expansion of ACAS X to urban air mobility systems, Russ and Mykel discuss the challenges of modeling and validating models for a wide range of aircraft, and the importance of incorporating human expertise.

(00:21:05) Global Collaboration and AI Consensus

Mykel emphasizes the collaborative nature of ACAS X implementation, involving different stakeholders, such as the FAA, Eurocontrol, and ICAO, and the role of AI in reaching a consensus on safety objectives.

(00:23:30) The Journey Ahead

As the conversation draws to a close, Mykel reflects on the evolution of ACAS X, its future applications, and the fusion of AI and human wisdom shaping the skies of tomorrow.

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Guest David Rehkopf is an expert in population health who says that where we live is one of the strongest influences on how long we live. While we know diet and health care are important, it has been tough to tease out what about these places allows people to live longer and healthier lives. By examining environmentally induced changes in DNA, we may be able to more quickly and more accurately quantify what aspects of environments promote longer, healthier lives, Rehkopf tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Time Stamps:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman delves into the fascinating world of longevity with Dr. David Rehkopf from Stanford University. Discover the surprising links between government policies, corporate practices, and their impact on health.

(00:02:14) The Quest for Centenarians

Explore Dr. Rehkopf's research on centenarians in Costa Rica and how these long-lived individuals offer insights into the factors influencing longevity.

(00:06:20) Unraveling the Genetics of Longevity

Learn how genetic factors play a role in determining how long we live, and how centenarians possess unique genetic signatures that may hold the key to extended lifespans.

(00:09:45) Lifestyle and Environment

Discover the impact of lifestyle choices and environmental factors on longevity. From the benefits of traditional diets to the potential effects of infectious disease exposure, the picture becomes clearer.

(00:10:55) The Role of Exercise

Dive deeper into the significance of physical activity on long-term health and how regular exercise can contribute to increased lifespan and overall well-being.

(00:11:40) Social Connections and Longevity

Explore the intricate relationship between social connections, community engagement, and the potential impact on living longer and healthier lives.

(00:13:30) Government Policies and Health

Dr. Rehkopf sheds light on the influence of government policies, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), on health outcomes. Find out how these policies can positively impact maternal health and sickness absence rates.

(00:15:20) The Power of Public Health Initiatives

Learn about the importance of public health initiatives in promoting healthy behaviours, preventing diseases, and potentially extending the human lifespan.

(00:16:05) Access to Healthcare

Explore the crucial role of accessible healthcare in longevity, and how disparities in healthcare access can affect different populations.

(00:18:30) Work-Life Balance

Delve into the concept of work-life balance and its potential impact on employee health and happiness in the long run.

(00:19:45) Corporate Wellness Programs

Learn about the various corporate wellness programs and initiatives aimed at improving employee well-being and how they might influence longevity.

(00:21:05) Hybrid Work Models and Longevity

As the world adapts to the pandemic-driven hybrid work models, Dr. Rehkopf discusses the potential long-term effects on workforce health and well-being.

(00:23:40) The Road Ahead

In this final chapter, we speculate on the future of longevity research and how understanding the intricate connections between government, corporations, and individual choices can shape a healthier and longer life for all.

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As anyone with chronic disease knows, access to health care doesn’t always equate with equitable health care outcomes, says guest Alyce Adams, an expert in innovations in health policy. Too often, care delivery breaks down along racial and socioeconomic lines. Our focus should be on better outcomes for all people, she says. Adams now develops interventions to help communities and health systems improve care delivery — and health equity — as she tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode and welcomes Professor Alyce Adams from Stanford University to discuss how new approaches in communities and health systems are improving care delivery for traditionally underserved populations.

(00:01:29) Unraveling Health Disparities

They discuss the disparities present in healthcare, particularly among underrepresented populations, and the importance of integrating patient voices in research.

(00:02:42) Addressing Socioeconomic Factors

The role of socioeconomic factors in health disparities and how they influence access to quality care. The discussion also examines efforts to eliminate barriers and provide equitable healthcare.

(00:04:15) Cultural Competence in Medicine

The conversation shifts to the significance of cultural competence in healthcare delivery. Prof. Adams explains the need for healthcare professionals to understand and respect diverse cultural backgrounds to ensure effective patient care.

(00:07:50) Bridging the Knowledge Gap

Insights into understanding patient knowledge and disease understanding, focusing on the example of tobacco use. The efforts to integrate patient and caregiver perspectives early in the research process are discussed.

(00:09:15) Empowering Patient Decision-Making 

The discussion explores strategies to empower patients in their healthcare decisions. Prof. Adams explains the importance of personalized care plans that align with patient values and priorities.

(00:11:30) Digital Health Literacy 

The increasing role of digital health tools and the importance of health literacy in utilizing these technologies effectively. The challenges of ensuring equitable access to digital health resources are also addressed.

(00:15:10) Qualitative Methods in Research

Insights into qualitative research methods and their significance in understanding patient experiences and priorities. The need for collaboration with community partners to shape research questions is emphasized.

(00:17:05) The Power of Patient Stories 

The conversation discusses the impact of patient narratives in healthcare research. Prof. Adams explains how patient stories provide valuable context and humanize data, leading to more comprehensive and patient-centric research outcomes.

(00:20:30) Building Patient-Centric Algorithms  

The development of AI algorithms to assess patient risk and facilitate decision-making for clinicians. Prof. Adams discusses the challenges of encoding priorities in these algorithms while considering potential biases.

(00:22:12) Algorithmic Transparency 

The discussion delves into the importance of algorithmic transparency and its role in building trust between patients and AI-driven healthcare systems. Prof. Adams explains the need for clear and interpretable AI models.

(00:27:45) Ethical Considerations in AI Implementation

The conversation explores ethical considerations in implementing AI technologies in healthcare. Prof. Adams discusses the potential risks and benefits and the importance of continuous evaluation and oversight.

(00:30:15) Engaging Policy Makers

The episode concludes with an optimistic view of policymakers' receptivity to research insights. Prof. Adams explains the importance of proactive engagement and communication in policy decisions.

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Chaitan Khosla is a chemical engineer who says that the world’s most advanced drug factories are not behemoths of the industrial age, but microscopic bacteria. These tiny creatures have evolved enzymatic assembly lines that ingest raw materials and churn out valuable other molecules, like life-saving antibiotics. By engineering new microbes, we hope to create next-generation drugs, Khosla tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Show Notes:

(00:00:43) Introduction to Assembly Lines and Antibiotics

Russ welcomes Professor Khosla and introduces the intriguing world of bacterial assembly lines and their crucial role in antibiotic synthesis. He emphasizes the significance of antibiotics and their intricate molecular structures.

(00:06:19) Enzymatic Assembly Lines: The Automotive Analogy

Drawing an analogy between assembly lines in nature and automotive assembly lines, discussion highlights the remarkable efficiency and meticulous organization of bacterial assembly lines.

(00:08:17) The Scale of Antibiotic Assembly Lines

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla delve into the scale of antibiotic assembly lines, using erythromycin as a prime example. They explore the multitude of enzymes involved in the assembly line process.

(00:10:34) Challenges in Antibiotic Synthesis

The conversation centers around the challenges faced by human chemists in synthesizing antibiotics compared to the remarkable efficiency and complexity of bacterial assembly lines.

(00:12:00) Uncovering Nature's Engineering Marvels

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla discuss the awe-inspiring engineering feats found in nature's assembly lines, exploring the intricacies of their construction and their functional significance.

(00:15:15) Expanding the Search for Assembly Lines

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla broaden the scope of assembly line research, discussing the potential for discovering novel assembly lines in previously unexplored organisms and environments.

(00:19:00) The Mystery of Orphan Assembly Lines

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla explore the enigmatic world of orphan assembly lines, discussing the fascination and curiosity surrounding these assembly lines whose functions remain unknown.

(00:22:00) Decoding the Language of Genes

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla delve into the process of deciphering the genetic code to unravel assembly line functions. They discuss the techniques and strategies employed in this intricate decoding process.

(00:24:00) Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in Assembly Line Analysis

The hosts discuss the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in analyzing assembly line data, showcasing the potential of these technologies to accelerate the discovery of assembly line functions.

(00:26:00) A Window into Nature's Medicine Cabinet

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla explore the remarkable potential of assembly lines in antibiotic discovery, unveiling how studying these assembly lines can unlock nature's vast repertoire of medicinal compounds.

(00:28:32) Novel Insights from Recent Assembly Line Discoveries

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla highlight the groundbreaking insights gained from recent assembly line discoveries, discussing the exciting prospects and implications of these findings.

(00:30:30) Conclusion and Show Wrap-up

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Neuroscientist Kalanit Grill-Spector studies the physiology of human vision and says that the ways computers and people see are in some ways similar, but in other ways quite different. In fact, she says, rapid advances in computational modeling, such as deep neural networks, applied to brain data and new imaging technologies, like quantitative MRI and diffusion MRI, are revolutionizing our understanding of how the human brain sees. We’re unraveling how the brain “computes” visual information, as Grill-Spector tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Time Stamps:

(00:01:30) Episode introduction: Exploring the fascinating field of cognitive neuroscience and brain development with Kalanit Grill-Spector.

(00:02:45) Dr Grill-Spector's background and research interests: The intersection of cognitive neuroscience, psychology, and computer science.

(00:04:00) The crucial role of experience in shaping brain development: Understanding how environmental factors influence neural specialization.

(00:09:55) The development of word processing regions in the brain: Investigating the emergence and evolution of brain regions associated with reading and word recognition.

(00:11:30) The evolution of word specialization and its implications: Exploring how the brain acquires the ability to read and process words.

(00:14:20) Shift in research focus to studying brain development in infants: Exploring the critical early phases of brain development and the impact of experience on neural circuits.

(00:16:40) Pokemon, Brain Representation, and Perception: The surprising findings on the continued development of word and face processing regions. Discovering the extended period of specialization and plasticity in these brain areas.

(00:19:10) Unexpected decline in specialization for body parts, particularly hands: Examining the trade-off between different cognitive abilities as brain regions specialize.

(00:22:00) Understanding the potential impact of experience on brain organization: Examining how environmental factors shape the neural pathways and cognitive capabilities.

(00:25:00) Investigating the influence of Pokemon on brain representation and perception: Analyzing the effects of exposure to specific visual stimuli on brain organization.

(00:27:15) The unique characteristics of Pokemon stimuli: Exploring how visual features, animacy, and stimulus size affect brain responses.

(00:29:00) Specificity of brain representation for Pokemons: Uncovering whether the brain develops distinct neural pathways for Pokemon stimuli.

(00:31:45) Comparing the effects of word learning: Understanding the potential trade-offs in brain specialization.

(00:32:45) Technical challenges in studying infant's brains: Discussing the need for new tools and analysis methods to study developing brains.

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Guest Debra Kaysen is a psychologist specializing in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who says that promising new cognitive and behavioral therapies are, quite literally, giving people “their lives back.” These therapies work without drugs to help patients manage their disease and its symptoms and, perhaps, even cure PTSD. We’re providing tools to change how they think, Kaysen tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

For interested listeners, Kaysen offers a list of PTSD resources:

Resources

• Previous TFoE episode with Shaili Jain on treatments for PTSD
• https://istss.org/public-resources/trauma-basics
• https://istss.org/public-resources/find-a-clinician
• https://adaa.org/learn-from-us/from-the-experts/blog-posts/consumer/what-youre-feeling-ptsd-what-do-help

Free apps from the VA for PTSD and other related concerns

• https://www.ptsd.va.gov/appvid/mobile/
• https://www.abct.org/get-help/

For a Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) trained therapist

• https://cptforptsd.com/cpt-provider-roster/

Stanford’s PTSD clinic

• https://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/patient_care/ptsd.html

International resource for a Prolonged Exposure (PE) trained therapist

• https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/find_pe_therapist.html

Chapter Timestamps:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Trauma Therapy and Digital Mental Health

 Russ Altman introduces the topic of trauma therapy and discusses the advancements in digital mental health.

 (00:01:45) Support Apps for Trauma Survivors

Debra Kaysen explores the use of mobile applications as a means of support for sexual assault survivors in the immediate aftermath of trauma.

(00:03:15) Overcoming Barriers

Finding Therapists: Debra Kaysen highlights the challenges survivors face in finding therapists and the potential of apps to bridge that gap.

(00:05:10) Bridging the Gap: Challenges in Accessing Support

Debra Kaysen discusses the difficulties survivors face in accessing timely support and how apps can provide a solution.

(00:08:00) The Power of Telehealth for PTSD Treatment

Debra Kaysen emphasizes the effectiveness of telehealth in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its growing acceptance in the field.

(00:10:15) Equivalence of Telehealth and In-Person Therapy

Debra Kaysen shares her personal experience of providing therapy to her patients via telehealth and highlights its equivalence to in-person sessions.

(00:12:30) Exploring Asynchronous Therapy with Text Messages

Debra Kaysen delves into the use of text messages as a form of asynchronous therapy for PTSD treatment, offering flexibility and convenience.

(00:14:20) Enhancing Support: Immediate Response and Accessibility  

Debra Kaysen discusses the immediate response and accessibility benefits of asynchronous therapy with text messages.

(00:16:00) Building Trust and Establishing Rapport  

Debra Kaysen emphasizes the importance of building trust and establishing rapport in digital therapy settings.

(00:18:00) Honesty and Reduced Fear of Judgment 

Russ Altman discusses the potential for reduced fear of judgment in digital therapy, allowing individuals to be more open and honest in their communication.

 (00:20:00) Exploring Effective Therapeutic Techniques

Debra Kaysen explores various therapeutic techniques used in trauma therapy and their effectiveness in promoting healing.

(00:24:15) Long-Term Outcomes and Prevention

Debra Kaysen explores the long-term outcomes of trauma therapy, highlighting its potential to prevent symptom recurrence and equip individuals with lifelong resilience skills.

(00:26:00) Empowering Individuals: Coping Strategies

Debra Kaysen discusses empowering individuals with effective coping strategies to navigate future traumas.

(00:28:00) Sustaining Progress: Follow-up and Resilience

Debra Kaysen discusses the importance of follow-up care and how trauma therapy helps individuals develop resilience.

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Hi everyone, Russ here, we’re running a best-of episode this week to re-share a conversation I had in 2021 with Karen Liu, an associate professor of computer science here at Stanford Engineering. The conversation is relevant today because, as we all know, AI is having a moment, and robotics is an important part of that. Karen and her lab have a goal of enabling robots to contribute in caregiving roles - think of tasks like helping medical patients get dressed each day - and they’re using physics-based simulations to do that. I hope you’ll take some time to tune into this discussion, it’s a timely and relevant one given larger societal conversations about AI. Enjoy!

Chapter Time Stamps:
(00:00:00) Introduction 

Russ Altman interviews Karen Liu, a Stanford professor in computer science, to explore the advancements in exoskeleton technology and their impact on human augmentation.

(00:01:12) Defining Exoskeletons

Karen Liu provides an overview of exoskeletons as wearable devices that enhance human capabilities and become an integral part of the wearer's body.

(00:02:30) Wearable Devices and Human Augmentation 

The discussion delves into the concept of wearable devices augmenting human abilities, drawing parallels to popular culture references such as Iron Man.

(00:05:40) Incorporating Sensors and Cameras

Karen Liu explains how sensors and cameras are integrated into exoskeletons to understand the wearer's environment, enabling the exoskeleton to anticipate future actions.

(00:07:55) Parallels with Self-Driving Car Technologies

Exploring similarities with self-driving cars, the conversation highlights how exoskeletons can leverage environmental awareness to guide the wearer's movements.

(00:09:20) Modeling Human Behavior and Intentions

The discussion shifts to the modeling of human behavior and predicting user intentions to ensure exoskeleton assistance aligns with user expectations and maintains their independence.

(00:11:30) Ensuring User Safety and Comfort 

The focus turns to designing exoskeletons that prioritize user safety and comfort, considering factors such as ergonomics and personalized adjustments.

(00:13:45) Real-Time Adaptive Assistance

The conversation explores the potential for exoskeletons to dynamically adapt assistance levels in real time based on the wearer's needs and changing circumstances.

(00:15:20) Balancing Assistance and User Independence

The importance of finding the right balance between providing assistance and preserving user independence is discussed, ensuring that exoskeletons empower rather than hinder.

(00:17:05) Ethical Considerations and Accessibility

The discussion touches upon ethical considerations surrounding exoskeleton technology, including accessibility, affordability, and ensuring equal opportunities for all users.

(00:18:30) Optimizing Performance and Efficiency

The conversation dives into strategies for optimizing the performance and efficiency of exoskeletons, including advancements in energy management and battery technologies.

(00:19:45) User Feedback and Iterative Design

Karen Liu highlights the significance of user feedback and iterative design processes in refining exoskeleton technology to better meet user needs and preferences.

(00:20:30) Future Possibilities and Advancements 

Looking ahead, the conversation explores potential advancements in exoskeleton technology, including advancements in artificial intelligence and personalized exoskeleton designs.

(00:22:00) Collaborations and Interdisciplinary Research

The importance of interdisciplinary collaborations in advancing exoskeleton technology is discussed, emphasizing the need for expertise from various fields.

(00:23:10) Summary and Key Takeaways

Russ Altman summarizes the main points discussed throughout the episode, highlighting key takeaways for listeners to reflect upon.

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