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    153. Reasons to Not Be Ugly

    en-usJanuary 30, 2014
    What effect does symmetry have on quarterback salaries?
    How do attractive children benefit in early life?
    Why do attractive lawyers prefer the private sector?
    How do looks impact loan approval rates?
    Is there a correlation between looks and happiness?

    • Physical attractiveness impacts NFL quarterbacks' salariesA 3.2 difference in symmetry score leads to a 12% salary increase for NFL quarterbacks, but looks aren't the sole determinant of worth

      There is a correlation between physical attractiveness and salary for NFL quarterbacks. Economist Dave Barry and his colleagues found that a standard deviation change in symmetry, which is a 3.2 difference in symmetry score, results in approximately a 12% increase in salary, amounting to around $378,000. While looks are not the sole determinant of a quarterback's worth, they do play a role in their decisions regarding pay. Additionally, research shows that attractive children tend to receive more attention and affection, potentially giving them an advantage in their early years. However, the effects of attractiveness on social standing and opportunities may lessen as individuals grow older.

    • The Impact of Looks on Economic OutcomesEconomist Daniel Hammermesh's research spanning almost 50 years reveals that there's an overwhelming effect of beauty on earnings, with men in the U.S. potentially earning up to 6-7 less than their more attractive counterparts.

      Looks play a significant role in various markets and economic outcomes, as economist Daniel Hammermesh discovered during his research career spanning almost 50 years. Hammermesh, who is known for his work on the impact of looks on labor markets, has found that there is an overwhelming effect of beauty on earnings, with the evidence coming from studies in about six different countries. For men in the U.S., the ugliest men may earn six or seventh less than their more attractive counterparts. Hammermesh, who has been studying this topic for almost 20 years, was among the first economists to delve into this area, and his research has led to a whole body of work on the general effect of looks and economic outcomes. He was initially intrigued by the question of how looks affect economic outcomes when he came across a question on looks in a data set he was using. Since then, he has published seven papers and a book on this topic. While the topic may be embarrassing, Hammermesh's findings are a cold, hard fact in the field of economics.

    • Physical attractiveness impacts earnings with a potential wage penaltyUgly men face a greater wage penalty than ugly women due to fewer women working and less labor market entry, resulting in significant lifetime earnings loss.

      Physical attractiveness plays a role in earnings, with studies suggesting a wage penalty of up to 10% for men and slightly less for women in the US labor market. This penalty is more pronounced in the US due to greater wage inequality compared to other rich countries. The surprising finding is that ugly men are penalized more than ugly women, which can be explained by the fact that women work less and therefore less attractive women are less likely to enter the labor market. The estimated loss in earnings over a lifetime for those in the bottom earnings bracket is significant, amounting to a few hundred thousand dollars. However, it's important to note that looks are just one factor in occupation sorting and earnings, and other factors such as education and skills also play a role. Despite this, numerous studies have shown that looks do impact earnings within various occupations.

    • Impact of Physical Attractiveness on Crime RatesUnattractive individuals are more likely to commit crimes due to penalties in the legitimate labor market, while very attractive individuals commit less crime compared to average-looking individuals.

      Physical attractiveness can have a significant impact on various aspects of life, including employment and criminal activity. A study by economists Airdal Tekken and Naji Mojan found that unattractive individuals are more likely to commit crimes, such as burglary, theft, and selling illicit drugs, compared to average-looking individuals. The effects range from half a percentage point to one and a half percentage points. This relationship exists because unattractive individuals face penalties in the legitimate labor market, potentially giving them an incentive in the criminal world. Conversely, very attractive individuals commit less crime compared to average-looking individuals. These findings underscore the importance of appearance in various markets and highlight the potential consequences of being unattractive.

    • Discrimination based on looks in various marketsIndividuals with worse looks face discrimination in the marriage and labor markets, paying higher prices for loans and receiving lower wages, despite having similar default rates.

      Looks play a significant role in various markets, including the marriage market and labor market. A series of studies conducted on unsecured loans using Prosper.com data revealed that individuals with worse looks were less likely to receive loans and had to pay higher prices, despite having higher default rates. This discrimination based on looks is unfortunate and may lead some individuals to invest in other areas instead of social capital. However, this inverse relationship does not completely wipe out the negative impact of bad looks on wages and other outcomes. Additionally, there is a positive relationship between looks and self-esteem, but it is not a perfect correlation. Regarding happiness, contrary to popular belief, good-looking individuals are not necessarily unhappy. Six different data sets from four countries found no evidence to support the notion that beauty negatively impacts happiness.

    • Connection between beauty and happiness differs for men and womenMen find happiness through increased earnings from attractiveness, while women derive happiness directly from feeling good about their appearance

      The study suggests a positive correlation between beauty and happiness, but the ways in which this connection manifests for men and women differ. For men, attractiveness leads to increased earnings and subsequent happiness, while for women, the effect is more directly tied to feeling good about their appearance. Regarding the implications of this research, some have proposed affirmative action programs for those considered "ugly" or suggested that attractive people pay extra taxes due to wage inflation. However, these ideas are unlikely to be implemented. The main point of contention is that, as beauty is difficult to change, it shares similarities with immutable traits like race and gender. However, while some argue that beauty cannot be altered, there are various ways to improve one's appearance. Ultimately, the discussion raises questions about where we should allocate our political values and resources.

    • Looks influence career paths in various professionsResearch shows that looks impact career choices in fields with customer contact, while radio can be a good fit for those less attractive. Famous personalities like Kai Risdoll and Brooke Gladstone share their experiences.

      Looks play a role in various professions, with those involving customer contact or interaction being particularly influenced. Research shows that attorneys, for instance, self-select into sectors based on looks, with better-looking lawyers more likely to switch to the private sector. However, not all professions are ideal for the less attractive. Radio, for example, can be a good fit due to the lack of visual contact. Celebrities like Kai Risdoll and Brooke Gladstone also attest to this, sharing their experiences of how their looks have impacted their careers in media. Ultimately, while looks may not be the only factor, they do play a role in shaping career paths.

    • Economists on Online Dating: Being Honest and ApproachableEconomists might hide their deep intellectual interests in economics on dating profiles to seem more approachable and increase chances of success. Honesty is important, but understanding online dating nuances and presenting oneself effectively can also be key.

      Economists, like everyone else, face the challenge of creating an attractive online dating profile. But they might approach it differently, as economist Steve Levitt joked on a recent episode of Freakin' I'm 3D, a spin-off of Freakonomics Radio. He shared that economists might avoid putting their deep intellectual interests in economics on their profiles, fearing it might make them seem less accessible or cuddly. Instead, they might present a more approachable side, even if it means bending the truth a little. So, while honesty is important, understanding the nuances of online dating and how to present oneself in the best light can be key to success. Tune in to Freakonomics Radio for more insights on this and other intriguing topics. Freakonomics Radio is produced by WNYC and Dubner Productions, with a team including David Herman, Greg Rosalski, Greta Cone, Barre Lam, Susie Lechtenberg, Chris Bannon, and Jim Briggs. Subscribe to their podcast on iTunes or visit Freakonomics.com for more content.

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